Global Warming And Its Many Ramifications Essay Example for Free

Global Warming And Its Many Ramifications Essay The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA) supports all ordinances involving environmental protection and the abatement of natural resources degradation. These laws aim to restrict people from abusing the environment and destroying the natural habitats of numerous species. The CATO Institute in Washington believes that the government is not doing enough in terms of environmental protection. The institute emphasizes that government intervention needs to exert more effort in pursuing environmental preservation. The government is essential in pursuing this goal since this endeavor requires a huge amount of monetary and human resources and may not be achieved by a small number of people only (439-440). With the population continually increasing, natural resources are quickly dwindling, and with the loss of natural habitat, the flora and fauna also perish. Currently, the government pursues strategies that aim to protect the plants and animals affected by heightened human development. Better laws and ordinances need to be passed for the government to effectively preserve the ecosystem. If not, the world risks the possibility of humans satisfying only their own needs and satisfaction, without thinking of the long-term effects of development (U. S. EPA) Crucial Environmental Issues The emergence of numerous environmental issues, including the extinction of several plants and animals as well as changes in weather patterns, caused the government to implement restrictions on the activities of man affecting the environment. However, despite the efforts on the part of the government, environmental problems still occur. According to the U. S. EPA, fragmented tactics are not expected to be effective in protecting the environment as only the obvious problems are being undertaken, while the complex and less obvious environmental issues still remain. The U. S. EPA believes that it is important for the government to change the fundamentals of environmental policies. More restrictions need to be incorporated whenever development is envisioned. This is because with the current rate of development, plants and animals are in danger of not continuing to live in their natural habitats. Population explosion depletes the natural resources, which include plants and animals, which humans consume for their survival. In addition, human settlements also destroy the natural habitats of numerous species. Howard M. Singletary, Director of Plant Industry of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, believes that biological diversity is essential in environmental protection (Evaluate the Social). Conserving biological diversity involves the protection of the entire ecosystem. Humans may see themselves as important or more important than the plants and animals that get destroyed as a result of increased population, but it should be noted that the environmental issues that man is facing at the present time are due to the absence of preventive planning. The short-term economic and monetary gains have frequently been treated as more important than the ecosystem. Yet, the destruction of plants and animals as well as their habitat contribute much in global warming and extreme weather situations. (Evaluate the Social). Humanity needs to see the impact of overdevelopment. People also need to realize that they need to invest and sacrifice certain conveniences and luxuries in order to achieve long-term environmental goals. The scientific community and several advocacy groups are supporting government efforts to preserve the environment. The global movement is for the greater good and is based on the fact the earth and everything in it is not owned by a single individual, group or corporation. The scale of the human economy is now such that the wilderness areas that sustain much of the world’s remaining biological diversity are shrinking fast. The rates of wildlife habitat takeover and of species extinctions are the fastest they have ever been in recorded history, and they are accelerating. Tropical forests, the world’s richest species habitats, have already been 55 percent destroyed, and the current rate exceeds 168,000 square kilometers per year. (Evaluate the Social). Stabilizing populations Stabilizing population is more important in industrial countries than in developing countries, since the former overconsume and hence overpollute and are thereby responsible for the greatest increase in the impact of human activities on the already overtaxed environment. The richest 20 percent of the world consume over 70 percent of the world’s commercial energy. Thirteen countries have already reached a fertility rate required in order to achieve zero population growth, so it is not utopian to expect others to follow. The population growth-rate of developing countries of course must also be reduced dramatically. Their population is now 77 percent of the world’s total, and they are responsible for 90 percent of the world’s annual population growth. (Evaluate the Social). The poor must be helped and will justifiably demand to reach at least minimally acceptable living standards by obtaining access to the remaining natural resource base. When industrial nations switch from input growth to qualitative development, more resources and environmental functions will be available for the poor in the South. Scientists observe that as the planet warms up, a great deal of ice and snow near the poles will probably start to melt. That will expose dark tundra and dark seas. That will warm things up – like painting a white roof black. The darker the terrain gets, the warmer those parts of the world will get. More snow will melt there, making the terrain even hotter. All these explanations fill more than thirty pages of rather small print in the Philosophical Magazines, and every one of the calculations had to be solved by hand. To make a greenhouse forecast, experts now build what amounts to a working scales model of the Earth inside a supercomputer. They start with a blank globe, divided into a grid like the grid of latitude and longitude. Typically each box in the grid covers several hundred miles on a side. These boxes are stacked from the surface of the planet high into the atmosphere – a dozen layers of giant boxes of air. Public concern over environmental policy was minimal until the end of the nineteenth century. As the United States expanded westward, the horizon seemed to present an unlimited supply of land, water, mineral deposits and timber. Farming techniques reflected little concern for minimizing soil depletion. Forests were cleared without concern for reforestation or the devastation of soil erosion. Minerals were mined and metals smelted without concern for their effects on fresh-water supplies; when contamination did result, it seemed a minor problem, because alternative sources of water seemed endless. (Royan, 2001). Despite a history of conservation policies, fundamental concerns over environmental protection were still absent from the policy agenda as late as the 1950s. The publication of Silent Spring in 1962 drew attention to the dangers of pesticides such as DDT, in the food chain. The sense of social responsibility that emerged in the 1960s also moved environmental policy from the background to the forefront of the policy agenda. Energy made it to the headlines once again in the year 2000; a shocking power crisis hit the state of California (Royan, 2001). Companies had realized once more that the horrors brought about by serious energy problems over the past three decades had not gone away. The California electricity crisis could potentially fan out towards other states; not only impact would it impact the profitability of a company, but could certainly put many out of business. As the new century fast approaches, the world has slowly realized the synergy between energy conservation and global economic competitiveness. Energy conservation entails the elimination of wastes through the improvement of industrial facilities and processes. Energy conservation also implies environment preservation through pollution prevention, and mitigating the trends toward global warming. Global competitiveness goes hand in hand with energy conservation, and many industrial firms from all over the world have realized that. Worldwide energy consumption in recent years has continued to escalate not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, primarily as a result of rapid industrialization and improvement in the standard of living. In a recent survey conducted by the Association of Energy Engineers, about 22 percent among those surveyed claimed to have reduced accumulated costs by $5 million or more by implementing energy conservation strategies (Cornforth, 1992). The potential for additional savings is still great. Thirty-six percent among those surveyed indicated that further savings that amount to over 10 percent are possible. Thus, investment in protocols that promote energy conservation has proven to be effective in saving costs by reducing waste materials resulting from industrial processes. As the next century approaches, the economic world has gradually come to realize that energy conservation offers the most profitable competitive advantage. Marked improvements in the efficiency of industrial processes or facilities to save fuel consumption reduce wastage. HiTAC has been a significant energy conservation development in recent years, and is now applied to industrial furnaces in many factories worldwide. A positive consequence of saving energy is minimizing greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming. Because of the increased efficiency in combustion using HiTAC, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide-byproducts of incomplete burning, are reduced. Therefore, HiTAC saves on operational costs by making fuel consumption more efficient; and consequently, efficient fuel consumption minimizes waste products, among which are greenhouse gases that trigger global warming. (Hotel Sarofim, 1967). Major Changes Taking Place in the US Population and Projected Problems Due to the Climate Changes The US is said to have the highest population of the developed nations, and one of the highest population growth rates at one percent, equivalent to 2. 5 million new Americans every year (Haub). Three national population trends that have been identified in a recent US census are changes in geographic distribution, changes in ethnic composition, and the effect of immigration on population (Haub). With regard to the changing geographic distribution of the population, the population is said to be shifting from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West, both because of internal migration and immigration from other countries (Haub). With regard to ethic composition, while ethnic minorities are said to comprise 25 percent of the population currently, that percentage will increase to 50 percent in 50 years, with Asians rising in numbers from 7. 1 to 40 million by 2050, and Hispanics rising in numbers to 90 million in 2050, constituting 22 percent of the population (Haub). Immigration, on the other hand, presently accounts for a third of the population increase yearly, and is expected to be a major contributor to population growth in the future (Haub). It naturally follows that the South and West will have to deal with the attendant problems of the shifting geographic distribution in its favor, while the change in ethnic composition can be predicted to contribute its own set of problems. Problems Causing the Decline in the Quality of Life in Cities, Possible Solutions It is said that more than a billion urban dwellers, out of a total of three billion, are located in slum areas, with half living in Asia (Whelan). This is indicative of the mammoth problems of governments with regard to the provision for food (Sustainable Development Networking Program), opportunities for employment, environmental degradation, sanitation, and general quality of living in cities. Another problem causing the decline in quality of life is said to be urban sprawl, whose effects range from over-congestion to pollution (Goodwin). In the US, the states that are the destination of internal and external migration and immigration in the ongoing shift in geographic distribution of the population that will have to deal with these issues. Proposed solutions include the revision of federal laws to limit immigration, the creation of boundaries that will redirect urban growth to places where urban services can be provided, and tighter control on allowable density and housing (Goodwin). There are many environmentalists like Senator Hillary who had been bold about her support on the Supreme Court’s Global Warming Decision. She states that the scientific consensus is that global warming poses a serious threat to human activities (Statement of Senator Hillary Clinton on the Supreme Court†¦2007, par 1). She challenges President Bush to address this pressing global environmental threat as soon as possible. Issues on the Ozone In the discussions on the ozone hole, it is but apt to provide a brief explanation on what exactly is the ozone and how it is formed. The ozone, according to the Centre for Atmospheric Science, â€Å"forms a layer in the stratosphere, thinnest in the tropics (around the equator) and denser towards the poles†. More specifically, â€Å"[O]zone is a toxic, strong reactive compound consisting of three oxygen atoms† (Francois). As explained by the Centre for Atmospheric Science, the ozone is formed â€Å"when ultraviolet [radiation coming from the sun], strikes the stratosphere, dissociating (or splitting) oxygen molecules to atomic oxygen†¦[that] quickly combines with further oxygen molecules to form ozone† More commonly, the ozone is known as the layer that protects human beings and other living things from the harmful rays of the sun, more specifically, the ultraviolet rays-shielding us from being stricken by skin cancer. This common conception of the ozone layer, which provides a good notion of what ozone is, is just one side of the coin. Scientists refer to this more commonly know ozone as the stratospheric ozone (Centre for Atmospheric Science). On the other side of the coin is the tropospheric or the ground level ozone, which is considered as a major health hazard, is a â€Å"major constituent of photochemical smog† (Centre for Atmospheric Science). It is referred to as a pollutant because of its being lethal if inhaled (Newman). Ozone Facts According to the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the story of the ozone hole has its roots from the chlorofluorocarbons or CFC’s, â€Å"a family of most commonly used industrial compounds†. CFC’s was invented by Thomas Midgley in 1928 which later on was called as a â€Å"miracle compound† due to its proven useful for man’s convenience (NRDC). Since then, it was effectively â€Å"used in refrigeration systems, air conditioners, aerosols, solvents and in the production of some types of packaging† (Francois). However, decades after the â€Å"miracle compound† was invented and used in many industries and households as effective refrigerants, it was found out that it had caused a serious damage to the environment, more particularly to the ozone layer. It took American scientists Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland to prove that the â€Å"miracle compound† turned out to be damaging to the environment as they hypothesized in 1974 that CFC’s â€Å"possibly played an active role in the depletion of the ozone layer† (NRDC). This announcement had sparked heated debates not just among scientists but also among policymakers, environmentalists and industry players on the â€Å"whys and wherefores of ozone depletion† (NRDC). It was explained by Newman that CFC’s became harmful to the ozone because of its chlorine make-up and â€Å"it turn[ed] out that CFC’s are an excellent way of introducing chlorine into the ozone layer†. This happens as the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun strikes CFC’s that go up into the altitude of the ozone layer, this UV radiation breaks down CFC’s and frees chlorine (Newman). After chlorine has been freed, this â€Å"has the potential to destroy large amount of ozone† (Newman). Francois also provides connection of the thinning of the ozone layer to the introduction of large amount of chlorine in the atmosphere through the use of CFC’s. The Centre for Atmospheric Science stated that â€Å"Evidence that human activities affect the ozone layer has been building up over the last 20 years, ever since scientists first suggested that the release of CFC’s into the atmosphere could reduce the amount of ozone over our heads†. But prior to the hole being discovered, the negative effects of the CFC’s were never taken seriously by the majority of the people as they were not convinced on the connection between CFC’s and the depletion of the ozone layer (NRDC). In 1985, a major discovery had brought great alarm to the whole world as it was discovered by Joseph Farman and his colleagues that there was a hole in the ozone layer (Newman [b]). In fact, the severity of the discovered ozone depletion made the English scientist in the Halley Bay station in Antarctica, who discovered the hole, to think that the equipment he used to measure the extent of the hole was broken (NRDC). He sent the equipment back to England to have the equipment repaired but when he tried to measure the depletion again, his initial finding that the ozone layer had been depleted was confirmed (Francois). Another theoretical attempt, which later on was proven to be correct, was the â€Å"recipe of the ozone loss† as summarized by the Centre for Atmospheric Science as follows: †¢ â€Å"The polar winter leads to the formation of the polar vortex which isolates the air within it. †¢ â€Å"Cold temperatures form inside the vortex; cold enough for the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). As the vortex air is isolated, the cold temperatures and the PSCs persist. †¢ â€Å"Once the PSCs form, heterogeneous reactions take place and convert the inactive chlorine and bromine reservoirs to more active forms of chlorine and bromine. †¢ â€Å"No ozone loss occurs until sunlight returns to the air inside the polar vortex and allows the production of active chlorine and initiates the catalytic ozone destruction cycles. Ozone loss is rapid. The ozone hole currently covers a geographic region a little bigger than Antarctica and extends nearly 10km in altitude in the lower stratosphere. â€Å" Basically, the preceding enumeration of the â€Å"recipe of the ozone loss† is similar to the Heterogeneous Chemistry Theory that proposed chemical reactions occurring within the ozone layer. This also explains why the hole is over Antarctica and not over the other continents. The atmospheric conditions prevailing in Antarctica, which is its having ultra cold temperature, suits the chemical reactions that take place resulting to ozone depletion. Consequences of Depleted Ozone The most common knowledge as to the adverse effects of the depletion of the ozone layer is that it increases the penetration of the ultraviolet radiation resulting to more skin cancer. As Francois puts it, â€Å"[W]hen this protective layer is reduced, it has dramatic consequences on life† such as slower photosynthesis among plants as increased radiation results to less metabolism; destruction of micro-organisms which play a vital role in the food chain; and, the increase in cases of skin cancer. Basically, the depletion of the ozone layer can result to an enormous change in the ecological balance. It is a universal fact, based on the studies and researches that have been made, that a little tip in the ecological balance could result to a mammoth change in our environment that could adversely affect the way people live. The slight increase in temperature can cause destructive floods to countries surrounded by oceans. In the case of the increase in the ozone hole, it can results to unfavorable changes in our environment starting from the destruction of micro-organisms and the instability that it causes to the metabolism of plants responsible to changes in photosynthesis. These changes may not be visible in the present time, which makes many people complacent and insensitive as to their roles in the protection of the ozone layer, but catastrophic results can be felt in the near future.

The History And Growth Of Animation

The History And Growth Of Animation Ever since the establishment of photography people learned that if pictures of moving objects were taken in a quick series and flipped through in succession to create the false impression of a moving picture. Pottery is one of the best examples of early art still around today. One of the very first attempts at translating the motionless image into a moving image is found on such piece of pottery. About 5000BC a piece pottery, if spun illustrates a goat jumping and eating from a tree. It consisted of five sequential drawings. The interest of illustrating figures in motion can be seen in the still drawings of Paleolithic cave paintings, as in these paintings animals are illustrated with multiple legs in superimposed arrangements. The movement of anatomical structure was defined by Leonardo Davinci, courtesy to which today artists can come up with believable and beautiful animation. A toy created in 1824 known as the thaumatrope demonstrated the phenomenon of diligence of vision. The design was a disc, which showed a bird on one side and an empty cage on the other. When the disc was spun, the appeared in the cage. According to Patrick James à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..This proved that the eye retains images when it is exposed to a series of pictures, one at a time. After the thaumatrope William George Horner invented Zeotrope in 1834. This device was cylindrical in shape with vertical slits around the sides. To the opposite side of the slits series of pictures were kept, around the inside of the cylinde r. In order to see the illusion of motion the user had to spin the cylinder and look through the slits. Peering through the slits was quite annoying for people, so in year 1877 Emile Reynaud invented Praxinoscope. This device was much like Zeotrope the difference was that animation was reflected on motionless mirrors on the inside of the wheel. It was much better than Zeotrope as it allowed large group of people to view animation at the same time. The first animated film was created in 1892. It was fifteen minutes long and was made by Reynaud. It was shown with the help of praxinoscope and a projector. Animation started appearing before 1910. It consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. As there were hundreds of drawings per minute of film, the animation process was highly labor intensive. As the time passed by, the technology evolved and new animation techniques came into existence. An animation technique, known as stop action was used by the animators earlier. The directors used to stop the camera and rearrange or remove items to the shot and then start rolling again. In 1900 J.Stuart Blackton created a film called The Enchanted Drawing by combining the live action of him drawing and stop action technique. Later in year 1908 Emile Cohl created a film named Fantasmagorie. This film was considered to be the first true animated film. The industrial revolution took place and most of the American studios turned to flat animation as it was much more efficient for their assembly line technique of making animated films. Animation was easily done by the celluloid technique developed around in the beginning of 1914. With the help of these celluloids the animators just had to make a complex background or foreground and compress in moving characters in between a number of other pieces of celluloids, which is transparent apart from where drawings were painted on it. This helped the animators, as they would just draw once the background as it remained motionless and only the character moved. If the foreground elements were positioned in the frame, it also formed a false impression of depth. In 1914 one of the pioneer of animation named Winsor McCay created the first animated cartoons titled Gertie the Dinosaur. Gradually animation then started to progress with quite a lot of animated films produced in next twenty years. Producers like Warners, MGM and Disney developed cartoon techniques in 1920s and 1930s. They used traditional animation methods of constructing complicated backgrounds and then imposing moving figures in them with celluloid. Then in 1928 it was Walt Disney, who took animation to a complete new level adding sound and producing the first ever animated film with sound, which was Steamboat Willie. In this film he introduced a new character named as Mickey Mouse. And in 1937 Walt Disney change the entire world of animation by opening doors that people never even thought of. The first full-length animated film in 1937 that was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was a box-office smash. This era was known as the Golden age of Animation. According to Steve Nyman The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million in its original theatrical release. While looking at it economically, when Disney released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs the studio ran out of money, as it was quite a labor incentive task. Immediately after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Pinocchio and Fantasia were released and both of them were financial disappointments. Traditional animated feature films were financially unsuccessful in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Traditional animation was not successful because it required a lot of money, a huge team (labor) and the quality was also not that great as compared to todays computer animated films. With the passage of time animation has developed and evolved a lot. We can see the drastic changes in the way of doing animation. With the changing era technology is also changing hand in hand, as earlier people used to use traditional ways of doing animation but today animation is mostly computer generated which is far more easy and it consumes less time. Since then animated films have become one of the most frequently enjoyed forms of entertainment. Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King are some of the best movies by Disney. The social impact of animation is also very drastic. Earlier the target audience of animated cartoons or films were children. But as the evolving time every single person like animated movies. These films have a very light humor which sometimes doesnt even make sense, but it is done in such an appealing way that an 8 years old kid or a 80 years old granddad would love them. Every generation has been enjoying the stories and characters of these animated featured films. Traditionally animation was done in time consuming and labor intensive process of two-dimensional hand drawn cel animation. Today the way of doing animation is completely different and it is much more effective and it majorly depends on new advanced computer technology. Without the new advances in computer technology, outstanding animated films wouldnt have been possible. Films like Toy Story, Madagascar, Finding Nemo, Up etc are the magnificent pieces of work done by Walt Disney and they wouldnt have been possible without the computer technology. Earlier animators used to work very hard and they had to put a lot of effort just to make a small animated video, but now it is all computerized and one can easily see the evolution of animation that how significantly it has improved and made a special place for it self in the industry. According to Buffy Naillon, Computer animation changed the animated film industry. Animation today is based more on math formulas than the ability to draw According to Library.ThinkQuest.org, The company created a design system called DAC (Design Augmented by Computers). With it, they could look at 3D models of their cars from every angle. Consistent with PIXAR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.where films go through four stages: development, creating storyline; pre-production, addressing technical challenges; production, making the film; and post-production, polishing the final product. Today the way of doing animation is completely different and is very effective, its a complete process with various steps which include the idea of the film development, then to create a story line in which pre-production is done and dealing with all the technical challenges are also done in this step, later comes the production and the making of the film and then with the final touches the polishing is done. Today we have 3 dimensional animated films, which give the impression of being more realistic. Everyone today is fond of animated films. The stories are very beautiful and yet simple, most of the time the comic stories arent even really funny and most of the time they dont even make sense and are completely illogical but still people love them as when that sledgehammer drops on Sylvesters Big toe and it grows to the size of a watermelon theres no trick photography involved. And the most important the quality of the animated films today is way different then what we had in past. Today when animated films are played in rapid succession they appear to have seamless movements within the layouts. Comparing the methods used today and the methods used earlier one can easily see that how the animation process has evolved and how it is getting better and better. The amazing animated films carry on in the new millennium with great movies like How to Train your Dragon, Toy Story 3, Shrek The Fi nal Chapter, and many more to follow as animated featured films are one of the best way of entertainment today.

Comparing Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Otway’s History and Fall of Caius Marius :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Otway’s History and Fall of Caius Marius William Shakespeare’s well-known play Romeo and Juliet addresses the ill-fated love of two young children from feuding households set in Verona. Over the centuries since the play was first published around 1595, many different versions have been produced and reproduced. While the basic story remains the same in these different renditions, certain aspects of the play are handled very differently. Thomas Otway wrote one of the most varied versions in 1680 entitled The History and Fall of Caius Marius. Set in ancient Rome this version focuses much more on politics than a story of true love. With this variation many of the characters are in much varied roles. One of the most obvious character disparities is found in the title character of Romeo, or Marius junior as he is called in Otway’s version. While both versions of the male lead go through little or no character development, Romeo and Marius junior are very different in their regard and understanding of filial duty and responsibility. Due to the political context of Caius Marius, Marius junior is much more aware and receptive of his filial and social duty, while Romeo rejects any sort of filial or social responsibility. Romeo and Juliet was first published around 1595. At this time in England the family was one of the most central and pivotal figures of social order. Children were expected to honor and obey their parents and seek their assistance in any decisions made. Especially in choices made concerning marriage. At this time children were finally able to take a more active role in choosing their husband/wife, but parents were essentially given the final decision (Amussen 94). Romeo and Juliet took it upon themselves to make such an important decision and hardly even considered their parents in the process. During the first half of the 17th century the average age for a woman to marry was 26 and for a man, 28 (Amussen 86). Shakespeare’s central characters are barely entering their teen years. As a son coming of age, and more importantly the singular male heir for the Montague family, Romeo should be entering University to prepare himself for handling the family fortune, not marrying in sec ret. This is merely the beginning of his show of irresponsibility towards his family and ultimately the role he is meant to play in society.

Leashing Carnivore :: Argumentative persuasive Papers

Leashing Carnivore Just like a dog needs a leash, so does Carnivore. Carnivore is a software program that the FBI has developed to aid in the collection of evidence. After obtaining the proper court order, the FBI connects the Carnivore system to the subjects ISP. The system then scans and collects emails only relevant to the subject of the court order. The issue surrounding the Carnivore is rather or not the system enables to the FBI to violate personal privacy, and that the FBI cannot be trusted with such a system. Those opposed believe that Carnivore violates Fourth Amendment rights and that the FBI cannot be trusted not to abuse Carnivore. The FBI believes that Carnivore is well within the bounds of the law and that they can be trusted with Carnivore. I believe that the FBI should be able to use the Carnivore system, but only under strict guidelines and oversight. Some government control needs to exist on the Internet or else any one could get away with anything on the Internet. But at th e same time, the use of Carnivore needs to be controlled. The government definitely needs to have some control of the Internet. They need to have control in order to stop criminals from using the Internet. The FBI’s position on Carnivore is outlined in Donald M. Kerr’s congressional statement made before a Senate committee that was reviewing the FBI’s Carnivore system. In a congressional statement made by Donald Kerr who is the Assistant Director of the Laboratory Division for the FBI, Kerr explains terrorists, spies, hackers, and criminals used computers and the Internet with malicious intent. Another reason the FBI feels that they need Carnivore is to combat information warfare, fraud, and other various crimes on the Internet. I believe that Carnivore will help the FBI to prevent some of the crime on the Internet. There is no way for any government to completely prevent any crime on the Internet. I rather have some government control than a lawless Internet. At least this way, I would know who would be violati ng my privacy. Even though I believe that the FBI should be able to use Carnivore, I believe that there should be strict guidelines and oversight in the use of Carnivore. As it is right now, the only control over Carnivore that the public can trust is the integrity of the personnel who use it. Leashing Carnivore :: Argumentative persuasive Papers Leashing Carnivore Just like a dog needs a leash, so does Carnivore. Carnivore is a software program that the FBI has developed to aid in the collection of evidence. After obtaining the proper court order, the FBI connects the Carnivore system to the subjects ISP. The system then scans and collects emails only relevant to the subject of the court order. The issue surrounding the Carnivore is rather or not the system enables to the FBI to violate personal privacy, and that the FBI cannot be trusted with such a system. Those opposed believe that Carnivore violates Fourth Amendment rights and that the FBI cannot be trusted not to abuse Carnivore. The FBI believes that Carnivore is well within the bounds of the law and that they can be trusted with Carnivore. I believe that the FBI should be able to use the Carnivore system, but only under strict guidelines and oversight. Some government control needs to exist on the Internet or else any one could get away with anything on the Internet. But at th e same time, the use of Carnivore needs to be controlled. The government definitely needs to have some control of the Internet. They need to have control in order to stop criminals from using the Internet. The FBI’s position on Carnivore is outlined in Donald M. Kerr’s congressional statement made before a Senate committee that was reviewing the FBI’s Carnivore system. In a congressional statement made by Donald Kerr who is the Assistant Director of the Laboratory Division for the FBI, Kerr explains terrorists, spies, hackers, and criminals used computers and the Internet with malicious intent. Another reason the FBI feels that they need Carnivore is to combat information warfare, fraud, and other various crimes on the Internet. I believe that Carnivore will help the FBI to prevent some of the crime on the Internet. There is no way for any government to completely prevent any crime on the Internet. I rather have some government control than a lawless Internet. At least this way, I would know who would be violati ng my privacy. Even though I believe that the FBI should be able to use Carnivore, I believe that there should be strict guidelines and oversight in the use of Carnivore. As it is right now, the only control over Carnivore that the public can trust is the integrity of the personnel who use it.

othello :: essays research papers

Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this speech, Othello lets his mind take over all his self control. A usual cool tempered person Othello is inflicted with rage about the possibility of his wife sleeping with his lieutenant, Cassio. Iago has the ability to cloud the head of Othello with lies about the Desdemona and Cassio causing suffering and tragedy. A tragedy is a serious action or event that always turns out the worst way possible. Iago has setup Othello just enough for Othello to create his own disaster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The literary devises that William Shakespeare uses in this play help us understand the many themes and symbols in the play. Alliteration is the repetition of the same starting letter to help the line have a smooth sound and good flow. In this play, it isn’t as used as much as some of the recent plays that we have read, but it can still be found. All the minor fights between Desdemona and Othello start a pattern that foreshadows the tragic ending of this story. â€Å"Tis destiny unshunnable, like death† (275). Foreshadowing are sometimes symbols or signs that usually predict events or overcomes in the story. The most prominent symbol is this play includes the image of the handkerchief. The handkerchief shows the love of Othello for Desdemona. Since she dropped and lost the handkerchief she no longer can understand the pain that Othello is enduring. The stress that Othello goes through because of the handkerchief tells of the faith and commitment of De sdemona. These literary devices help us interpret the play as it is meant to be understood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several lines in this speech suggest that Othello starts to blame himself. One in which is â€Å"Haply, for I am black/ And have not those soft parts of conversation/ That chamberers have, or for I am declined/ Into the vale of years† (263 – 266). He thinks because he is of a different color that his wife is no longer in love with him. This bring into the subject of interracial marriage. To this day many oppose the marriage of blacks and whites. Not knowing what to think at this point in the play, Othello conjure ups the idea that the being blacks has caused his wife, Desdemona, to cheat on him with a younger, fit soldier. Not knowing that this is false he asks his wife many times if this is true.

Human Resource Management and Nestle

Project Report of SHRM On Nestle Topic: Study of SHRM at Nestle Table of Contents 1 S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Description Introduction to Company Mission, Vision & Goals of Company SWOT Analysis of the Company SHRM at Nestle Impact of Recession on Nestle Changing role of HR at Nestle VRIO Analysis and 5P’s approach HR Strategies that company should follow Page No. 3-5 6-7 8-10 11-21 22-23 24-25 26-29 30 1. Introduction of the company 2 Nestle is the world’s leading nutrition, health and wellness company. The company employs more than 280,000 people and has 456 factories in 84 countries. Nestle products are sold in almost every country in the world. Founded in 1866 in Vevey, Switzerland, where it is still based, Nestle has often been called â€Å"the multinational among multinationals†. Only about 1. 5 percent of its sales are generated in its home country, and all but 12 of its factories are situated abroad. The CEO is Paul Bulcke, and the General Management includes a Belgian, two Canadians, one Dutch, a Frenchman, a German, a South African/British, three Spaniards, one Swiss, one American and a SwissAmerican. Nestle is a truly public company with over 250,000 shareholders of which around one third are Swiss. No single shareholder owns more than 3% of the stock. US investors, who, together, hold over 30% of the capital, can purchase ADRs through a sponsored program. As the world’s leading nutrition, health and wellness company, Nestle is the worldwide leader in product categories such as soluble coffee, infant nutrition, bottled water, condensed and evaporated milk, ice cream, as well as chocolate and malt drinks, and culinary. The Group is also a co-leader in pet care. The Company is committed to delivering shareholder value through sustainable, capital efficient and profitable long-term growth. Over the past years it has concentrated on furthering organic growth and performance improvement HISTORY OF NESTLE Nestle was the result of a series of mergers of many small companies. In the mid-1860s, Henri Nestle, merchant, chemist and innovator, experimented with various combinations of cow’s milk, wheat flour and sugar. The resulting product was meant to be a source of nutrition for infants, who could not be breast-fed by their mothers. In 1867, his formula saved the life of a prematurely born infant. Later that year, production of the formula, named Farine Lactee Nestle, began in Vevey and the Nestle Company was formed. Henri Nestle wanted to develop his own brands and decided to avoid the easier route of becoming a private label. Henri also wanted to make his company global. Within a few months of the launch, Henri began to sell his products in many European countries. In the company’s initial years, Henri took various steps to facilitate research, improve product quality and develop new products. Meanwhile in 1866, two Americans, Charles and George Page had founded the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. The company launched a milk based infant food, which competed with Nestle’s products. In 1875, Daniel Peter, a friend and neighbor of Henri developed milk chocolate. Peter became the world’s leading chocolate maker, and later merged his company 3 with Nestle. The rivalry between Nestle and the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company intensified but ended in 1905, when the two companies merged under the Nestle banner. World War I created a new demand for dairy products. Nestle grew mainly by executing government contracts. The end of the war created a crisis for the company as people started using fresh milk again, instead of condensed and powdered milk. In 1921, Nestle recorded its first loss, which was partly due to the worldwide postwar economic slowdown. Louis Dapples, a Swiss banking expert restructured the company, streamling its operations and reducing the debt burden. In 1930, the Brazilian Coffee Institute approached Dapples, seeking new products. After eight years of research Nestle developed a soluble powder that revolutionized coffee drinking around the world. The product was launched under the brand name Nescafe and became an instant success. The onset of World War II speeded up the introduction of Nescafe. The beverage also became a popular drink among American servicemen in Europe and Asia. The end of World War II triggered off a new phase of growth for Nestle. Many new products were added as the company grew through acquisitions. After 1974, Nestle’s financial position deteriorated. Oil prices rose and growth in industrialized nations slowed down. The Swiss franc appreciated and the price of coffee beans and cocoa shot up. This situation was partially offset by Nestle’s rapid growth in emerging markets. In 1981, Helmut Maucher took over as CEO. His policies had a significant impact on Nestle’s style of functioning. Maucher pursued a two-pronged strategy to improve the company’s financial situation: First he embarked on internal restructuring and divestments; second he decided to continue with strategic acquisitions. Between 1980 and 1984, he divested a number of non-strategic or unprofitable businesses, amounting to nearly SFr8 bn. The divestments included certain food products that were not consistent with Nestle’s emphasis on high value added segments. To improve the company’s financial situation, he embarked on a cost-cutting exercise. While the employee strength was reduced significantly, the inventory and outstanding debt were brought down. In 1990, Nestle formed a joint venture with General Mills called Cereal Partners Worldwide to promote Nestle breakfast cereals. It covered 70 countries accounting for about 75 per cent of the breakfast cereal consumption outside the US and Canada. Nestle also formed a joint venture with Coca-Cola, called the Coca-Cola Nestle Refreshment Company, to market tea and coffee-based ready-to-drink beverages under the Nestea and Nescafe brands. In 1996, Nestle decided to end its 50-50 Clinic Nutrition joint venture with Baxter Healthcare and established Nestle Clinical Nutrition to provide orally consumed nutrition products to hospitals and nursing homes. Nestle opened the 20th century by merging with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company to broaden its product range and widen its geographical scope. In the new millennium, Nestle is the undisputed leader in the food industry, with more than 470 factories around the world. Nestle 4 launched a Group-wide initiative called GLOBE (Global Business Excellence), aimed at harmonizing and simplifying business process architecture; enabling Nestle to realize the advantages of a global leader while minimizing the drawbacks of size. The Company’s strategy will continue to be guided by several fundamental principles. Nestle’s existing products will grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential will never be sacrificed for shortterm performance. The Company’s priority will be to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. 2. Mission, Vision and Goals of Nestle VISION OF NESTLE â€Å"Nestle’s aim is to meet the various needs of the consumer everyday by marketing and selling foods of a consistently high quality. † MISSION OF NESTLE 5 We strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrient to meet physiological needs. Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences. † BUSINESS OBJECTIVES OF NESTLE†¢ Nestle’s business objective is to manufacture and market the Company’s products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, and business partners. †¢ Nestle does not favor short-term profit at the expense of successful long-term business development. Nestle recognizes that its consumers have a sincere and legitimate interest in the behavior, beliefs and actions of the Company behind brands in which they place their trust and that without its consumers the Company would not exist. †¢ Nestle believes that, as a general rule, legislation is the most effective safeguard of responsible conduct, although in certain areas, additional guidance to staff in the form of voluntary business principles is beneficial in order to ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization. Nestle is conscious of the fact that the success of a orporation is a reflection of the professionalism, conduct and the responsible attitude of its management and employees. Therefore recruitment of the right people and ongoing training and de velopment are crucial. †¢ CORE VALUES †¢ A prerequisite for dealing with people is respect and trust. †¢ Transparency and honesty in dealing with people are a sine qua non for efficient communication. This is complemented by open dialogue with the purpose of sharing competencies and boosting creativity. †¢ †¢ To communicate is not only to inform; it is also to listen and to engage in dialogue. The willingness to cooperate, to help others and to learn is a required basis for advancement and promotion within our company. 3. SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS †¢ Parent support – Nestle India has a strong support from its parent company, which is the world’s largest processed food and beverage company, with a presence in almost every 6 country. The company has access to the parent’s hugely successful global folio of products and brands. †¢ Brand strength – In India, Nestle has some very strong brands like Nescafe, Maggi and Cerelac. These brands are almost generic to their product categories. Product innovation – The Company has been continuously introducing new products for its Indian patrons on a frequent basis, thus expanding its product offerings. Operated factories in 77 countries (all six continents), a truly global company. Considered the innovation leader in the global food and nutrition sector(3500 scientist in company R&D network) Low cost operators (beat the competition by producing low cost products, edging ahead with low operating costs) Offering thousands of local products. Have a great CEO, Peter Brabeck, and a very strong workforce. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ WEAKNESSES †¢ Exports – The company’s exports stood at Rs 2,571 m at the end of 2003 (11% of revenues) and continue to grow at a decent pace. But a major portion of this comprises of Coffee (around 67% of the exports were that of Nescafe instant to Russia). This constitutes a big chunk of the total exports to a single location. Historically, Russia has been a very volatile market for Nestle, and its overall performance takes a hit often due to this factor. Supply chain – The Company has a complex supply chain management and the main issue for Nestle India is traceability. The food industry requires high standards of hygiene, quality of edible inputs and personnel. The fragmented nature of the Indian market place complicates things more. Some of their product were positioned as too scientific, and consumers didn’t quite understand (i. e. LC-1 was a food and not a drug) †¢ †¢ OPPORTUNITIES 7 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Expansion – The Company has the potential to expand to smaller towns and other geographies. Existing markets are not fully tapped and the company can increase presence by penetrating further. With India's demographic profile changing in favor of the consuming class, the per capita consumption of most FMCG products is likely to grow. Nestle will have the inherent advantage of this trend. Product offerings – The Company has the option to expand its product folio by introducing more brands which its parents are famed for like breakfast cereals, Smarties Chocolates, Carnation, etc. Global hub – Since manufacturing of some products is cheaper in India than in other South East Asian countries, Nestle India could become an export hub for the parent in certain product categories. Health-based products are becoming more popular in the world, including in the United States Unaffected by current economic conditions (its share of the UK confectionery market rise to 15. 6 per cent with a 0. 5 per cent growth this year) THREATS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Competition – The Company faces immense competition from the organized as well as the unorganized sectors. Off late, to liberalize its trade and investment policies to enable the country to better function in the globalised economy, the Indian Government has reduced the import duty of food segments thus intensifying the battle. Changing consumer trends – Trend of increased consumer spends on consumer durables resulting in lower spending on FMCG products. In the past 2-3 years, the performance of the FMCG sector has been lackluster, despite the economy growing at a decent pace. Although, off late the situation has been improving, the dependence on monsoon is very high. Sectoral woes – Rising prices of raw materials and fuels, and inturn, increasing packaging and manufacturing costs. But the companies’ may not be able to pass on the full burden of these onto the customers. Some markets they are entering are already mature Global competitors. There are intense competitions in the United States, especially yogurt market (General Mills) 4. SHRM at Nestle NESTLE – A HUMAN COMPANY 8 Nestle is a human Company providing a response to individual human needs throughout the world with specific concern for the well-being of both its consumers and its employees. This is reflected in its attitude and its sense of responsibility towards people. Nestle aims to increase sales and profits but, at the same time, to raise the standard of living everywhere it is active and the quality of life for everyone. Nestle is also convinced that it is the people who form the strength of the Company and that nothing can be achieved without their commitment and their energy, which makes people its most important asset. Involvement of people at all levels starts with appropriate information on the Company’s activities and on the specific aspects of their work. Through open communication and active co-operation, everyone is invited to contribute to improvements enhancing Company results and personal development. Therefore, we can conclude that the models that Nestle follows are: – High Performance, – High Involvement & – High Commitment. NESTLE’S SPIRIT â€Å"Making Big Investments in People† At Nestle India we make big investment in people, they are our top priority. For us, our people are the key drivers for our success. Nestle India provides its employees a dynamic professional environment bound by one spirit,’ The Nestle Spirit' and that makes Nestle India a great place to work. Nestle India is a vibrant company enhancing the quality of life of its consumers by offering them world class food products driven by Nutrition, Health and Wellness. At Nestle India your integrity, professional skills and performance is what matters. We trust our people and believe in giving early responsibilities and encourage them to actively contribute to the log term sustainable growth of the business. At Nestle India we believe in building leaders who can take on challenges, innovate and write success stories. Nurturing starts from day one on the job. Business dynamics and need directed training programs offer employees with opportunities to acquire and develop desired functional, people management and decision making skills enabling success at work. 9 As we achieve milestone after milestones we invite you to be part of this exciting journey and assure you that the exposure and experience would be unparalleled. NESTLE’S CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGIES †¢ Product’s growth through innovation and renovation (while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines). Long-term potential Build business based on sound human values and principles. Long-term commitment to the health and well being of people in every country in the scope of their operations. Business should be conducted by adhering to the values and management principles of the organization. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGIES †¢ Low cost – less price transparency is followed. Differentiation – to reduce the risk of complexity of supply chain and lower attractiveness for discounters. †¢ COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Research and development (R&D), Its product range Global reach and 280,000-strong workforce FOUR GROWTH PLATFORMS †¢ †¢ †¢ Nutrition Emerging consumers Premium goods and 10 †¢ â€Å"Out-of-home† goods. ALIGNMENT OF BUSINESS STRATEGIES AND HR PRACTICES Nestle is a company whose HR strategies or practices are developed by keeping in mind the Business objectives of the company and the strategies devised to run the business. The HR strategies are always in alignment with the business goals. Nestle is unique in the sense that it has been able to successfully inculcate its business objective as well as its core values, consistently in its employees day-to-day activities starting from recruitment till continuous performance appraisals. Product’s Growth through innovation and renovation To increase the product growth i. . productivity human resource strategies are adopted such as flexible, dynamic employees are attracted, selected and then trained and motivated to be more productive than the competition. One case in point is the Kit Kat manufacturing plant in York England, under the managership of Ian Jobson and, ultimately, Nestle CEO Peter Brabeck. In 1998, Time magazine reports, it took 38 man-hours to produce a ton of chocolate. This year, using a combination of robotics, automated packaging, and production-line improvements, the forecast production time is 23 hours. This decrease in production time was feasible because of process innovation. Adherence to the values and management principles of the organization †¢ Respect for other cultures and traditions Nestle embraces cultural and social diversity and does not discriminate on the basis of origin, nationality, religion, race, gender or age. Furthermore, Nestle believes that its activities can only be of long-term benefit to the Company if they are at the same time beneficial to the local community. In short, global thinking and strategies can best be expressed through local action and commitment. Diversity From creating hundreds of the world’s leading brands to offering an amazing variety of career options to our employees, it’s clear that Nestle’s businesses are exceptionally diverse. So it should come as no surprise that Nestle values diversity in the people working them just as much as they have diversity in their products. 11 It’s Nestle’s policy to p rovide an environment where respect is shown to all individual employees and where employees are valued, recognised and rewarded on the basis of their talent and their contribution rather than any consideration of age, gender, race, sexuality, religion or disability. As an organisation, Nestle is opposed to any form of unfair discrimination and believe that an inclusive approach will be of maximum benefit to all our employees as well as our wider business goals and the society in which we live. This ethos can be summed up in the following statement: We believe that to succeed we must recruit and retain talented individuals and value and respect the differences each of those individuals brings with them. In addition, we have a strong ongoing commitment to developing policies, procedures and practices that will actively promote equality of opportunity and optimise the abilities of our workforce. Decisions relating to the recruitment, employment, training, progression, assessment and retention of our people will always be supported by these principles of equality of opportunity. †¢ Nestle’s Culture Nestle is committed to a number of cultural values. These values come partly from its Swiss roots and have been developed during its history. They are also evolving so as to support the permanent reshaping of the Company. They can be described as follows: o Commitment to a strong work ethic, integrity, honesty and quality. o Personal relations based on trust and mutual respect. This implies a sociable attitude towards others, combined with an ability to communicate openly and frankly. o A personalized and direct way of dealing with each other. This implies a high level of tolerance for other ideas and opinions, as well as a relentless commitment to co-operate proactively with others. Openness and curiosity for dynamic and future trends in technology, changes in consumer habits, new business ideas and opportunities, while maintaining respect for basic human values, attitudes and behavior. o Like, open and flexible culture is ensured by way of providing training programs to employees at all the levels. 2 TRAINING From the factory floor to the top management, training at Nestle is continuous. And because it is mainly given by Nestle people, it is always relevant to the professional life. Throughout the world, each country runs its own training programmes (e-Learning, classroom courses, and external courses). Nestle provides the followingo Literacy training-to upgrades essential literacy skills, especially for workers who operate new equipment. o Nestle Apprenticeship Programmes. o Local Training Programmes-on issues ranging from technical, leadership, and communication and business economics. This kind of culture is also supported by decentralized structure of Nestle: Nestle is as decentralized as possible, within the framework imposed by fundamental policy and strategy decisions requiring increasing flexibility. Operational efficiencies, as well as the group-wide need for alignment and people development, may also set limits to decentralization. Decentralization: Nestle recognizes that its consumers have a sincere and legitimate interest in the behaviour, beliefs and actions of the Company behind brands in which they place their trust and that without its consumers the Company would not exist. Nestle believes that, as a general rule, legislation is the most effective safeguard of responsible conduct, although in certain areas, additional guidance to staff in the form of voluntary business principles is beneficial in order to ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization. o Nestle is conscious of the fact that the success of a corporation is a refl ection of the professionalism, conduct and the responsible attitude of its management and employees. Therefore recruitment of the right people and ongoing training and development are crucial. Nestle continues to maintain its commitment to follow and respect all applicable local laws in each of its Transparent performance appraisal systems and the freedom given to them to question their seniors benefit not only the employees but even the organization as a whole. 13 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT o Formal assessment by Line Managers and HR once in a year with feedback. o Subordinate can question an unfair evaluation. o Specific Key Performance Indicators have been enlisted by the HR department. o One of the important key performance indicators is achievement following the Nestle management and leadership principles. Remuneration structure and promotion criteria take into account individual performance. Emphasis on individual achievement Nestle’s emphasis on individual achievement is e vident from the kind of pay structure HR has designed for its employees and the company also incorporates practices like Job Enrichment and Job Enlargement, to motivate employees and to break the monotony of their job tasks. The correspondent herself works in both sales and brand management departments, which is an example of job enlargement. PAY STRUCTURE o Nestle strives to offer fair remuneration. Remuneration level is above the average in industry. The variable component of the salary is comparatively big to reward individual performance. In case of higher management level, the variable part is linked to individual & team target achievements. o o Nestle expertises in Recruitment Services, Talent Management and International HR, Learning and Development, Information and Administration, and Reward and Employee Relations. Nestle is recognized as recognized one of the most advanced HR functions within Nestle globally. Before implementing the HR practices/policies, Nestle get to the crux of the business issue and then find an HR solution. While practicing the HR policies, Nestle is focused more on people and organization strategies. RECRUITMENT SERVICES The Recruitment Services team in Nestle UK is recognized within Nestle globally as the benchmark in leading recruitment practices. That’s because at Nestle they don’t just fill jobs. 14 Instead, they work with the business to proactively identify and fill their talent gaps. Nestle Recruitment teams constantly stand back and work out new ways to attract the very best talent and keep ahead of the competition, but it isn’t always easy. The recruitment process at Nestle is clearly defined and is always in synchronization with the changing business needs. o People with qualities like dynamism, realism, pragmatism, hard work, honesty and trustworthiness are looked for. o Match between candidate’s values & company’s culture are recruited. o Recruitment for management levels take place in the head office by top management and all others at the branch level. The existing employees are promoted to higher posts as per the requirements. There are no lateral recruitments. Another source of recruitment is campus placements and human resource consultancies to look for the enthusiastic, motivated and fresh pool of talent. Decision to hire a candidate is finally taken by HR professionals only and no preference is given to external consultant. This is done to finally have the discretion power in the hands of Company. o People management policies, basic values & principles as elaborated in- Nestle management & leadership principles- The Nestle Management and Leadership Principles describe the management style and the corporate values of the Nestle Group, specifically in the area of interpersonal relations. Nestle human resources policy- This policy encompasses those guidelines which constitute a sound basis for efficient and effective HR Management in the Nestle Group around the world. – Nestle people development review-this policy throws light on Nestle’s culture and core values, different training programs and life of employees after work. R EWARDS AND EMPLOYEE RELATIONS TEAM It consists of two expert sub-teams, each with specific responsibility for business-wide strategic and operational remits. Employee Relations sub-team provide business-wide advice and guidance to line managers and the HR community on individual employee relations matters and to HR Business 15 Partners on broader employee relations and change management issues, as well as developing and implementing Nestle’s policies and procedures in this area and undertaking relevant project work. EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Nestle provides a very healthy working environment which is one of the reasons why Nestle’s employees state their commitment level to be very high. o Employee turnover is less than 5%. , which is considered to be very low for a multinational corporation. Nestle has an open culture & upward communication especially in case of grievance redressal is encouraged. o Work/Life balance is given importance, as illustrated in the Nestle Human Resource Policy document. o ‘Nestle Family’ annual events are organized by their HR department whereby employees along with their families are invited . o Emphasis is laid on safety of employees (Nestle Policy on Health and Safety at Work). CHANGE MANAGEMENT o Nestle has adjusted to the ever-changing external environment for the last 140 years since its inception 1866 without losing its fundamental beliefs and core values. It manages Change and drives sustainable profitable growth by following the policy of making gradual changes instead of making drastic and risky changes. o ERP implementation- In June 2000, Nestle SA signed a much publicized $200 million contract with SAP and additional $80 to install an ERP system for its global enterprise to help centralize a conglomerate that owns 200 operating companies and subsidiaries in 80 countries. While the ERP system was likely to have long-term benefits, the project touched the corporate structure and culture. The structure was decentralized, and it tried to centralize it. This was initially opposed by employees but with subsequent measures taken by the HR like training etc. , this has been successfully implemented. Reward sub-team; on the other hand focus on maximizing return on investment to deliver Reward that will motivate the employees to perform at the highest level as well as managing the overall Reward principles and processes including base salary, incentives and Flexible Reward. 16 REWARDS & INCENTIVES o ‘Passion to Win’ awards- These quarterly awards have been institutionalized to reward those who over-achieve their targets. Long-service Awards- To recognize employees who have been with the company for more than 30 years. o ‘Nestle Idea Award’- It was found from the correspondent that the company institutes Nestle Idea Award every quarter to recognize and award employees who come up with relevant and innovative ideas which have the potential of being implemented at Nestle. For all aspects of Reward Nestle apply the fundamental principles outlined below. Reward Principles †¢ Performance Driven – The level of your Reward is linked to your performance, hence the highest performers will see the greatest Reward. There is also a direct link between the performance of the business and the Reward we're able to offer Competitive – We benchmark all aspects of Reward to ensure we offer all our employees a competitive Reward package Inclusive – Our Reward programme is designed to reflect the valuable contribution which every employee makes, not just senior managers Flexible – We've made it our top priority to allow you to tailor the Reward you receive to your circumstances, whenever possible or practical †¢ †¢ †¢ BENEFITS The following benefits are provided to all employees, with no discrimination- Leave-Personal & Medical (fixed no. er year) – Children Education Assistance Scheme – Provident fund – Retirement Gratuity Scheme – Group Insurance & Accidental Insurance Scheme – Conveyance Reimbursements 17 – Residential Accommodation – Monthly health check-ups & free consultation for self & family etc. Talent Manageme nt and International HR Talent Management and International HR Team, on the other hand, focuses on developing the potential and careers of all the employees at Nestle, particularly those with high levels of performance and potential who are likely to be Nestle leaders of the future. The main task of this talent management program is to develop the framework and processes which will enable the company to identify and develop the potential of employees at Nestle. This program supports individuals with a clear career development plan to go on international assignments out of the respective locations such as Nestle’s international headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland, or to other Nestle markets around the globe. Learning and development Learning and Development Team is involved in development of cutting-edge interventions and supporting change through far-reaching development programmes such as our ‘Lead2Win’ programme. This team also helps the company to create and implement functional development programmes across the business, covering everything from manufacturing to supply chain. At Nestle Learning and Development means Continuous Improvement and Creativity and Innovation. Learning and Development is carried out by Continuous Improvement that leads directly on to Creativity and Innovation. This process generally involves two stages: i. A team of passionate and professional development experts is formed to create Core Skill Development Strategies that will enable continuous personal and professional growth across the business. After that, the strategies are tailored for each business area with the help of HR Business Partners and Business Directors. The next stage is to go online, where the trainees are able to take advantage of our vast learning and development intranet. This resource has been specifically designed to help trainees manage their own learning in an easy to use virtual environment. Once you're up and running there, you'll be able to focus on picking up new skills particular to your job and career ambitions with the help of our leadership development programmes, designed to create the leaders of tomorrow. i. Differentiation 18 Nestle follows differentiation strategy and to make it a success it has HR strategies aligned accordingly. To support the differentiation strategy, Nestle practices following HR strategies to support differentiation: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ They favour long term performance measures. Nestle does not favor short-term profit at the expense of successful lo ng-term business development. They believe in extensive trainings of their employees to keep the pace with changing environment and keep them updated with latest innovations At Nestle, equal and fair pay practices are followed. Nestle’s pay structure, rewards & incentives systems are also designed in such a way so as to promote creativity. Recruitment process is also totally based on hiring and recruitment of people who bring in new ideas. Broad career paths are provided to employees by a continuous process of career development and high employee participation prevails in the organization. 19 5. Impact of Recession on Nestle During this phase of recession, Nestle has faced a little bit of tribulations in terms of: †¢ †¢ Shipment growth: It has slowed down as shoppers switch from branded foods to retailers' private labels. The volume of goods sold: The volume of goods sold rose 2. 8 per cent in 2008, but, down from 4. 4 per cent in 2007, after Nestle relied on price increases to pass on higher raw-material costs. The whole onus of these two problems could not be bullied upon recession. Since the actual reason behind the second problem was increasing inflation. Even though it has been hurt by the weak dollar and tough competition in the United States. But, if we talk in general, then, Nestle has been labeled as a Recession proof company. Nestle, announced that they had a 69. 4percent profit in the year 2008. The year 2008 and the beginning of the year 2009 so far are considered as the worst recession the world is facing today. Each company around the world, no matter what they produce or what services they provide was having the greatest downfall on the sales and services. But even during the phase of recession, Nestle has a different story to tell. Nestle announced record breaking profit during the year 2008. The sales of Nestle products jumped up in huge numbers. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The net profit of Nestle in year 2008 was 15billion US Dollars. Net income rose to 18 billion Swiss francs in 2008 from 10. 5 billion francs. The profit was 69. 4 percent jump from the last year Sales rose 2. 2 per cent last year to 109. 9 billion francs, and organic revenue increased 8. 3 per cent in 2008, the fourth year that Nestle beat its forecast. Further, Nestle expects to carry on seeing growth in earnings over 2009 despite the global recession, using its strong 2008 results as a springboard for growth. 20 †¢ †¢ Nestle has granted an investment of 300 crore in the Indian market in 2008 and is about to double its investment in 2009. The goal of Nestle further is o achieve organic growth of close to 5 per cent, and to improve the EBIT margin in constant currencies further. Nestle would be able to achieve this goal through company’s internal strength. Nestle, which makes Nescafe coffee, Maggi soup and KitKat chocolate bars, also raised its global outlook for the year and its forecast for 2008 organic growth – which is to say from existing businesses – to â€Å"about 8 percent† from a previous target of at least 7. 4 percent. Nestle shares rallied from a near two-year low, jumping 5. 4 per cent. Nestle will spend four billion francs buying back stock this year after purchasing 8. billion (Dh27. 16 billion) francs worth in 2008. Nestle also said it will increase its dividend for the year by 15 per cent to 1. 40 francs a shar e. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Reasons behind the strong survival of Nestle even during the Recession Nestle amazingly survived the greatest and disastrous recession period of the world which gives the hope and message to many other companies. Some of the reasons have been pointed out that seems to have worked for Nestle to fight the recession: †¢ Innovation and â€Å"renovation of its brands and products† It seems to be a big driver in keeping Nestle afloat. In 2008 Nestle’s investment in research and development for food and beverages was up 15 per cent. Nestle survived recession because it was able to capitalise on â€Å"a wide variety of market conditions†, and that this gives it a competitive advantage. India is not in a downturn but probably a slowdown. The liquidity squeeze hasn’t affected the demand of consumer goods in the price range that Nestle sells. Therefore, Nestle was able to survive in India. The company survived recession and is now positioned for profitable growth both now and in the long term, because of its â€Å"defensive qualities as well as its strong growth credentials. If recession grips the world and despite the war in the Middle East, everyone will continue to need food. This means millions of people will continue to buy Nestle products, which include Nestle infant formula, Taster's Choice coffee and Stouffer frozen foods. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 21 †¢ †¢ â€Å"The key t o Nestle’s short-term performance is the degree to which the markets want to be in a safe haven situation. â€Å"Beyond that, over the longer term, there is a pretty positive earnings story in Nestle. Nestle is able to ride out the recession easily than its rivals due to its comprehensive range of products and wide geographical reach. 6. Changing role or HR The importance of the human resource function has become evident especially with the onset of global competition. Not only do human resource managers have to think more strategically and in step with corporate planning managers, they have had to address real and hard issues about the impact of intense competition on employment stability. It is one thing to think with executives on how the human resource section can support corporate activities. It is another to actually implement cost-savings policies with regards employment. To guard against the downside of global competition, the human resource managers must be more proactive in recruiting and maintaining a responsive and efficient work force. Planning should start at the early stages so that organizations do not bloat needlessly. Human resource managers must be able to map out human resource strategies such that flexible, dynamic employees are attracted, selected and then trained and motivated to be more productive than the competition. Human resource managers are no longer administrators or simply implementers. They should be recognized as strategic partners. Only then can they function well to help top management especially in a climate of economic uncertainty. Although, Nestle being a Human Company itself possess many of the above mentioned qualities that are supposed to be present in the managers of today’s time. But, according to the changes in the business patterns, globalization, and diverse business of Nestle and rapidly changing ups and downs in the economy. There are certain factors on which the role of the HR at Nestle is changing. The HR managers at Nestle along with professional skills, practical experience and result focus must possess the following qualities: †¢ †¢ They should be capable to motivate and to develop people, addressing all those issues that allow others to progress in their work and to develop their capabilities. They should be able to inhibit curiosity and open-mindedness as well as a high level of interest in other cultures and life-styles. This also includes a commitment to continuous learning and improving, as well as to sharing knowledge and ideas freely with others. 22 †¢ It is responsibility of the HR professionals to create a climate of innovation and to think outside the box. This implies the right to make a mistake but also the readiness to correct it and to learn from it. HR professionals should now be able to inculcate the willingness to accept change and the ability to manage it. They should provide international experience and understanding of other cultures. This will prepare the employees to face the challenges in global markets. †¢ †¢ 7. VRIO and 5P’s Analysis VRIO ANALYSIS This VRIO framework is the foundation for internal analysis. In order to lead to a sustainable competitive advantage a resource or capability should be Valuable, Rare, Inimitable (including non-substitutable), and Organized. Valuable A resource is valuable if it helps the organization meet an external threat or exploit an opportunity. If a resource helps bring about any one of these four things then it is aluable: Efficiency, Innovation, Quality and Customer responsiveness. Valuable resources of Nestle are: †¢ †¢ Human Resources Brand Name †¢ Research & development processes Rare A resource is rare simply if it is not widely possessed by other competitors. Rare Resource of Nestle is their uniqueness in Infant food products. The processes they use and the ingredients they use are rare. Inimitable A resource is inimitable and non substi tutable if it is difficult for another firm to acquire it or a substitute something else in its place. This is probably the toughest criteria to examine because given enough time and money almost ANY resource can be imitated. Even patents only last 17 years and can be invented around in even less time. Therefore, one way to think about this is to compare how long you think it will take for competitors to imitate or 23 substitute something else for that resource and compare it to the useful life of the product. Inimitable resources of Nestle are: †¢ Corporate Culture †¢ Values followed at Nestle †¢ Reputation Organized A resource is organized if the firm is able to actually use it. Generally, organization is frequently neglected by strategy because it often deals with the inner workings of firm management. But generally, it rarely happens that firms are not organized to exploit their valuable resources. However, if you analysis does turn up a valuable, rare, and inimitable resource that the firm is not taking advantage of, then the resources of the firm are not said to be organized. 5P’s at Nestle Philosophy Nestle’s Philosophy on Code of Governance Nestle India Ltd. is a subsidiary of Nestle S. A. f Switzerland and over the years it has followed best practice of Corporate Governance and adhered to practices laid down by the Nestle Group. Nestle India’s business objective and that if its management and employees is to manufacture and market the Company’s products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for consumers, shareholders, employees, business partners and the national economy. Nestle India is conscious of the fact that the success of a corporation is a reflection of the professionalism, conduct and ethical alues of its management and employees. In addition to compliance with regulatory requirements, Nestle India endeavors to ensure that highest standards of ethical and responsible conduct are met throughout the organization. The two most significant documents from the Nestle Group, which define the standard of behavior of Nestle India, are â€Å"Nestle Corporate Business Principles† and â€Å"Nestle Management and Leadership Principles†. Policy The Nestle policy is to hire staff with personal attitudes and professional skills enabling them to develop a long-term relationship with the Company. Therefore the potential for professional development is an essential standard for recruitment. 24 Each new member joining Nestle is to become a participant in developing a sustainable quality culture which implies a commitment to the organization and a sense for continuous improvement leaving no room for complacency. Therefore, and in view of the importance of these Nestle values, special attention will be paid to the matching between a candidate's values and the Company culture. Processes †¢ Administrative †¢ Training †¢ Recruiting †¢ Development †¢ Labor Relations †¢ Org Development †¢ Compensation and Internal Communication Programs Campus Recruitment Programs Internship Programs For graduate students, Nestle offer a summer internship in brand management for MBA students. Marketing Interns are challenged with leading integral aspects of our brands' marketing plans. This highly competitive program could also give you the opportunity to transition into a full-time position. Professional Development Programs Adequate training programs are developed at the level of each operating company capitalizing on the availability of local, regional or global resources of the Group. It is the responsibility of HR staff to assist the management in the elaboration of training programs. Following type of programs are conducted at Nestle: o Training programs enhancing the language skills of the employees. o Training programs aimed at developing and sharing best practices of the various management disciplines practiced in the Group. They also strive to strengthen corporate cohesion as well as to promote networking throughout the Group. o E-learning programs as a complement to or a substitute for formal training programs. Practices 25 The following HR practices take place at Nestle: †¢ Recruitment and Training Performance Management Rewards and Incentives Benefits Employee Relations Change Management Safety and Health The Nestle Operational Safety, Health and Risk-Management Strategy document illustrates that: – Nestle is dedicated to safe & healthy work environment. Regular safety assessments & audits take place by internal & external bodies. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 8. Hr strategies that nestle should follow Nestle should practice following HR practices: i. Communication Strategy: Nestle should adopt an effective communication strategy because in today’s changing scenario and in a dynamic organization like Nestle employees should be educated and trained about the change s taking place in the organization. This can be done through open house meetings and bulletins etc. Effective Training and Development: Training and development forms an important part of the practices followed at Nestle. It is an integral part of the corporate strategies. Most of the training programs conducted at Nestle are conducted by In-house trainers, whereas for some specialized training programs external trainers should be called. And employees should also be given the opportunity to attend the training programs abroad so as to give them a feel of global markets. Entrepreneurship strategy: Every employee needs to be an independent entrepreneur, who can generate ideas and bring them to reality by using the existing resources and support of the organization to create innovative and creative products and services. ii. iii. 26 iv. Recruit purposefully – The anticipated global shortage of workers has not gone away: it has just been postponed. The reason? Baby boomers are choosing to work a little longer because their retirement savings have been deflated. Once the market comes back fully, you should expect a mass exodus as the boomers leave the workforce. Companies who make severe staffing cuts and don't keep their HR people connected to potential hires will be caught severely short staffed. Savvy companies have a great opportunity right now to hire talented people who have been down-sized by other organizations. Cut High HR operation costs Leverage real time information for HR decisions: This would enhance the decision making process. v. vi. 27

Emily Bronte’s poem analysis Essay

Emily Bronte spends last days of her life at home. She didn’t have any outdoor activities. Her life was full of miseries and gloomy incidents. There Is not any light of hope and couragment In her life. She was fed up with her life. She wrote this poem In those days when she was bound at home. This poem Is the true representative of her disappointed feelings. She wanted to sleep but sleep brings no rest to her. She wanted to sleep eternally. She was disturbed by the painful memories which she had suffering in her life. She wanted to escape from the reality. As Paul Lieder points out; â€Å"Emily Bronte wrote so little in her short life that it is difficult to appraise her work with any surety. One point is generally agreed that in both her prose and poetry there is in spite of minor faults or rare power. Title of the poem: Emily Bronte’s poem, â€Å"Sleep brings no Joy to me† dont have any title. The poem is without a title. Infect Emily was very discouraged after her brother’s death. She was very prone to sickness. She spent most of her time at home. During her time at home she wrote all her poems in a notebook. When her sisters found this otebook and read her poetry. Her sisters Incouraged her to publish her work. So this book was published by the name of â€Å"Wuthering Heights† In 1847. This poem reflects the miseries of her own life. This poem is all about her life and how she tired of it. She wanted to get rid of her life and wants to die. Themes of the poem: This poem is an autobiographical poem of Emily Bronte. This poem reveals her miserable condition in her life. The themes of the poem are; Death Hopelessness Escapism Painful memories Death: Death Is the maln theme of the poem. The poem Is written by Emily Bronte. The oetess wants to die because doesnt find any source of comfort and relief even In sleep. In this poem we can analyze that sleep Is not any source of Joy, hope and rest for her-so she wants to get rid of her life. She is preeminently a poet of self-conscious expression and of an interior life focused on observation and imagination. Emily’s life was that of a representation solitary. Making of a Solitary: According to the elements in Emily Bronte’s life that shaped her solitude must be counted. The death of her mother when Emily was of 3 years old. The death of her two older sisters due to Typhoid, when she was of 6 years old. Her independent learning and intense intellectual interest without formal schooling or socialization. Escapism: Escapism Is another Important theme of the poem. The poetess life was very miserable and full of harshness. She wants to sleep so that she can get rid of her painful memories for sometimes. In the last stanza she wanted to escape from reality. She wanted to escape from all those things which had made her so disturbed ana depressed. I nars wny sne Decame tne poet 0T solltuae. But In sleep sne doesn’t find any comfort and relief because those harsh memories come in the form of orrible dreams. When she says â€Å"Rememberance never dies†. Hopelessness: The poem also shows the helplessness of the poetess. Her life was full of harsh incidents. She tries to find out any source of hope and Joy in sleep but all her efforts goes in vain. Sleep becomes more painful and disturbed element of her life. Then she preyed for death to seek comfort. Painful Memories: â€Å"Sleep brings no hope to This poem is all about life and how she tired of it. She wanted to leave this life. She suffered a lot in her life. Emily became weaken by unsanitary circumstances in her household. She wanted to escape from painful memories. Symbols used in the poem A lot of symbols are used in the poem, â€Å"Sleep brings no Joy to me† Written by Emily Bronte. These symbols are as follows; Sleep: Sleep is usually the symbol of death, darkness, unconsciousness and way to escape something. But in Emilys poem, sleep brings dark aspects of her life more clearly and intensively. She sleeps because she can escape from her harsh life for sometimes’ but it is not so. So she wants to sleep eternally. Shadow: Shadows are dark, dreary, haunting and ghostly. In this poem, shadows are ymbolically horrible and ghostly, when she says, dead My wakening eyes may never see† â€Å"The shadows are This shadow may have been her husband or her protective person. When Emily Bronte needed the attention of her mother, she lost her mother. She has no mother’s lap to take a relief from the painful memories. Sail: Sail is another symbol used in this poem. Sail is the symbol of something that is light weight, effortless and depend on natural sources. In this poem, the poetess compares herself with a sail. She feels herself effortless against the problems of life. Wilder Sea: Wilder sea is the symbol of depth, mystery and violence. In this poem, Emily compares the whole world with wilder sea or it may be her own life that is full of mystery and violence. Wave: A wave can be violent disturbance. It also symbolizes force that can overcome you. In Emily’s poem wave is symbolizes with death that overcomes her own life. Stylistically Analysis Epithet: Use of epithet is available in this poem. Epithet is actually an adjectival phrase. The epithet used in this poems are; â€Å"wakening eye†, â€Å"sounder sleep†, â€Å"doleful imagery’, â€Å"wilder sea†, â€Å"darker wave†, â€Å"harassed heart†. Metaphor: In Emilys poems metaphor is also used. In 4th stanza, when she compares herself with sail and feels herself effortless against the difficulties of life. cap tallzatlon: There are some words that start with capital letter such as â€Å"Surround my bed†. Here in the word surround,’s’ is capital. This means that horrible shadows and scornful images that disturb her, they dome particularly when she is in her bedroom during sleep. This shadow comes in the form of dreams. Rhyme scheme: The poem has 6 stanzas, and each stanza has the rhyme scheme of abab. Words which shows mood of the poetess: There are certain words in this poem which reveals the gloomy or despair mood of the poetess, such as the repetition of the word ‘no’. Just like ‘no hope’, ‘no Joy, ‘no friend’, ‘no strength’. And other words which gloomy mood are; ‘darker’, ‘doleful’, ‘scornfully, ‘death’, ‘misery etc. Feministic point of view Negativity: The whole poem is written in dejected mood. There is not any positivity or positive connotation used in this poem. Inferiority Complex: We can also find inferiority complex in this poem. She has not any friend or people that console her in sorrowful situation. She doesn’t find any people who protect her. Female are weak gender: Usually it is said that women are physically and mentally weak gender. In this poem we can analyze that the poetess tries to find someone who console her, protect her or support her in her miserable condition. Analysis of the poem Sleep brings no Joy to me. Remembrance never dies. My soul is given to mystery, And lives in sighs. My interpretation of the first stanza is that the individual goes to sleep in effort to escape memories; however, the memories are only seen and lived once again in her dreams. Her soul seeks answers to questions that she may never find so she sighs in disappointment, in an effort to calm herself down, and to give up on pondering and remembering the past. Sleep brings no rest to me; The shadows of the dead My wakening eyes may never see Surround my bed. The second stanza tells us that although she sleeps, she does not rest. Her mind fails to enter a place of relaxation and peace. She will never see shadows of a particular person, who may have been a husband that would watch over her as she sleeps. The second and forth lines of the stanza could be further interpreted to announce that he person would protect her in her place of rest, sickness, or peace and that she sees this person’s ghost as she sleep. At this point we know that this protective person Is aeceasea Oue to tne pnrase â€Å"snaaows 0T Sleep brings no hope to me, In soundest sleep they come, And with their doleful imag’ry Deepen the gloom. The third stanza states that she sleeps in hopes of being able to remove herself from her state of depression, but it fails every time because in her dreams she sees the decreased person and it deepens her depression. Sleep brings no strength to me, No power renewed to brave; I only sail a wilder sea, A darker wave The forth stanza tells us that sleep does not strengthen her ability to move on. She feels that she cannot and is not swimming in a sea, but that she is only floating on top of the water without any protection from the waves that could kill her with their strength. She is indifferent towards death and life. Sleep brings no friend to me to soothe and aid to bear; They all gaze on, how scornfully, And I despair. The fifth stanza reveals that people who she once considered friends do not help her to heal from her pain or suffering. These people Just appear to be dumbfounded nd are waiting for her next move, but their lack of action and support Just makes her feel hopeless and obsolete. Sleep brings no wish to fret My harassed heart beneath; My only wish is to forget In endless sleep of death. The sixth stanza announces her desire to die. Sleep causes her to not crave to worry or ponder anymore. Her heart is broken and all she wants to do is forget about all of her pain, worries, questions, discomfort, hopelessness by dying. She believes that her only way to find peace is in death, where she may feel that she’s sure to be with the deceased person once again.