Equality of conditions according to Tocqueville? Essay

In his Democracy in America, Toqueville states that equality of conditions â€Å"exercising domination over civil society as much as over the government it creates opinions, gives birth to feelings, suggests customs, and modifies whatever it does not create.† (p. 9) Clearly, to understand Tocqueville, one must understand what he means by equality of conditions. These conditions are common circumstances, origins, education, and mores. The settlers of America came primarily from England. They faced the same uncertainty with one another of what they would find upon arriving in the New World. They all had to deal with the harsh landscape and with doing without all the comforts of living in the developed countries they left behind. They came, not in search of greater political or financial opportunities, but for a place to freely exercise their religion. They shared religious beliefs (within each of the colonies). Therefore, they shared mores, which is reflected in the harsh penal codes they developed by vote of majority. They shared a common language, common goals. Most were well-educated and left behind comfortable lifestyles. There were no landowners when they arrived in the New World. There was no expectation of superiority, which always come with landed gentry. Freedom and equality are the very reasons most came to the New World. Each citizen was also equally responsible for social obligations. As a consequence American political and legal systems developed to protect freedom and equality. The result was more equality. This equality manifests itself, according to Tocqueville in a society where generations face greater and greater equality. As Tocqueville writes America’s equality in conditions creates â€Å"[a] nation as a body [which] would be less brilliant, less glorious, and perhaps less strong, but the majority of the citizens would enjoy a more prosperous lot, and the people would be pacific not from despair of anything better but from knowing itself to be well-off.†

Understanding by Design

Marnelli C. Joyosa January 19, 2013 BSED/ 011-0187 Understanding by Design’s Weaknesses 1. If you plan lessons that may broadly be described as open ended, based on standards, containing clear criteria for student success, include different ways to ensure student enthusiasm, flexible enough to accommodate the â€Å"teachable moment†, accessing the higher echelons of bloom’s taxonomy and integrating skills then the likelihood is you won’t learn anything new from understanding by design. . Creating a unit using the backward design planning process is not a neat, tidy or easy process. It is a recursive one; you will move back and forth across the curriculum map, making revisions and refinements each time you add something to a section of your planning. 3. Teachers think that â€Å"transfer† in UBD means applications to real life. They often â€Å"force† activities that are contrived.Sometimes applications are beyond students’ experiences . 4. â€Å"Other activities are impractical for huge classes. † 5. Understanding alone can be detrimental to other skills. 6. â€Å"In UBD, knowing aims to come after understanding but in reality, understanding comes after knowing. † 7. â€Å"Mandate that every teacher must use UBD for all of their planning immediately (without sufficient training, ongoing support or structured planning time).Provide one introductory presentation on UBD and assume that teachers now have the ability to implement UBD well. † 8. Other teachers were not directly trained but were told to just follow the guides. Some did not get any guides, so they had to do â€Å"UBD-sounding† lesson plans on their own. 9. Many schools say they do not know what textbooks to use since current books are not â€Å"UBDized. † 10. UBD’s process was not fine-tuned with consonant to an area or region’s context, needs and goals.

MGMT3010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT3010 - Essay Example The last tier makes sure that the policies which are in practice are kept in such a manner that these benefit the organization in entirety. The four tiers within the functional experts are significant at gaining an understanding of the organization and the different roles that come about in the wake of changes and amendment happening from time to time. The benefits of the functional experts would in terms of providing value to the investors, customers and employees in essence. As far as the strategic partner is concerned, this helps in facilitating and coordinating strategies which benefit the employees and indeed the organization in the long run. It makes the tasks of all people easier without a doubt. The management reaps the dividends under such quarters because the processes play their significant role at benefiting the people at large. The strategic partner tries to integrate the different sectors within the business domains to make sure that there is a smooth operational regime in place. The strategic partner links up with the tasks with the resources which are available at their disposal and make sure that all the anomalies are taken care of without any hindrances. The strategic partner has always been an important element of any organization as its role is undoubted and there seem to be no issues which engulf their respective selves.

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing Essay - 2

Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing - Essay Example There are a number of theories advocated by scientists. Theories are definitely the backbone of any discipline and nursing is no exception here. Here I would like to make a brief explanation on the components of theory. Theory consists concepts that are inevitable for practice guidance. Nursing theories are formed out of concepts, definitions assumptions with or without the help of other disciplines or derived from different particular instances; and there are a number of inter- relationships made between them for predicting, explaining and prescribing things (Nursing Theories: An Overview). Theories universally contain concepts, prepositions, metaparadigm, philosophies and conceptual models. Concepts are occurred in mind as ideas on a phenomenon. This is an intellectual process through intuition. They indicate and signify ideas observations or experiences. For instance, relief can be an idea in nursing. Concepts can be useful in creating knowledge on phenomena. These concepts also are supported by constructs. Generally concepts are of three kinds; empirical, inferential and abstract. A statement of relationship between two concepts are said to be prepositions. Structural holarchy of contemporary nursing knowledge include components like metaparadigm, conceptual models, theories, and empirical indicators and their level of abstraction differs; and concepts and propositions are the important to explain a theory (Lesson, 2.1) There are several theories of nursing used by the practitioners today; and those theories are grouped into divisions according to the nature and functions of the theory. Nursing theories can be classified from different categories. Depending on its function it can be divided into four namely, descriptic, explanatory, predictive and perspective. Based on generalisability of their principles they are divided into Meta

Industrial hygiene Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial hygiene - Case Study Example c among many others, an industrial hygienist therefore ensures the safety of the employees at a place of work by ensuring that the risks presented by the above hazards do not materialize at the place of work. The goal of industrial hygiene is to prevent both industrial diseases and industrial accidents both of which incapacitate the employees thereby causing immense inconveniences in their productivity. In doing this, industrial hygienists use a number of scientific techniques including exposure assessment, risk management, and industrial safety among others. The profession employs rigorous and stringent methodologies that often require professional judgments based on both experience and education in its determination of the potential exposures to hazardous environments. In doing this, the professionals implement safe procedures, systems and methods of completing tasks in a company. I. A professional hygienist conducts effective health programs in a governmental organizational or an industrial plant with the view to recognizing, eliminating and controlling the occupational hazards and diseases. The hazards may arise from either the working environment or the nature of the work. As such, the professional collects various samples including vapors, dusts and gases among other materials that may possess a level of toxicity for in-depth analysis in laboratories. After the scientific analyses, the professional makes recommendations depending on the level of the risks that the materials present to the employees thus making the place of work safer for the employees. II. A professional hygienist investigates the sufficiency of the exhaust equipment installed in a company, lighting and ventilation among other features that may risk the health of the employees. In measuring the efficiency of such facilities, the professional considers the number of the employees in the organizations and determines the ability of the resources to safeguard the health of the employees. This

Research and Analysis Business Problems Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

And Analysis Business Problems - Research Paper Example JC Penney’s accomplishment is seen to be less in comparison with its competitors. At present, JCP is functioning to discard this previous image and is trying to concentrate instead on reasonable pricing, attractive marketing and highlighting the exclusive brands that are offered. By analyzing the stimulating plans revealed by JCP, it is found that there are enduring areas the company has not concentrated on. These gaps may cause problems in the long run and have a negative effect on innovation that the company is trying to accomplish. To sufficiently address and recognize the possible issues still prevailing within the new strategy for JCP, it is very important to understand the current position of the company. So as to recognize the newly projected changes and how they will really impact the company, it is important to acknowledge from where the company started, where it is at present and also where it is going. The analysis will connect jointly both periods of JCP and depict the four major environments (PEST) of the company. By analyzing the strategies of the company, any gaps within the plan are assessed and solutions are presented from an outside point of view. Going back to the original format of the department store is one of the recommendations, which would provide JCP with an opportunity of formulating a store separately. The area needs to consider properly before going ahead with this recommendation. Discussions must be done with suppliers to decide the sensibleness of introducing new store areas. Moreover, the company must consider performing a wide market study to scan if consumers are attracted in a central point ground one stop shop or not. It is also recommended to create partnerships between JC Penney and other trendy or customer preferred brands within the new areas of market. This is a modest risk recommendation as it engages integrating a second company into the variety mix for merely an imperfect time period. The retailer has proven th ey can provide good value and pricing, but they have also ignored the more obvious problems of poor merchandise mix and styles.   While JC Penny can compete on traditional and formal clothing, an understanding of newer styles seems to escape the company’s fashion buyers (Lee par 6). The company’s current triumphant partnership with Sephora, a cosmetic chain, has paved way for JCP to partner with stylish and popular brands. It challenges the ability to assign and stock products within the suitable time as well as budget that have already been set. It is also recommended to focus on implementing new product changes to fit into the existing image that JCP has shaped. This alteration to choose merchandise and separating merchandise could result in creating various challenges for JCP.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is also found that low inventory levels can adversely affect the fulfillment of customer demand and diminish sales and brand loyalty† (Item 1A. Risk Factors pg 5). Positi on: JC Penney Company, Inc. (JCP) is one of the main top department store retailers in America. James Cash Penney started the first JC Penney department store in 1902, initially named ‘The Golden Rule.’ Ever since, with â€Å"1033 JC Penney department stores in 49 states and Puerto Rico† (JC Penny 2006 web Pages and Annual Report par 3), it has turned out to be one of the leading retailers in the discount segment and department of the retail

Essay Question. Discuss Mertons five modes of adaptation and give an

Question. Discuss Mertons five modes of adaptation and give an example of each - Essay Example The acceptance or rejection in terms of cultural goals and institutionalized means is an important facet of understanding Merton’s five modes of adaptation. Merton believes that conformity is the most common kind of the five modes of adaptation. What happens during this mode is that people try to achieve success by employing traditional methodologies that are apparent (Merton 1985). Similarly Merton is of the view that the mode of innovation uses a small, yet substantial change with the perspective of the people while the mode is still in conformity but is in the process of tilting towards innovation. The third mode is ritualism where the deviant behavior rejects the attitude towards goals but believes staunchly within the attitude to means. Retreatism is the fourth mode of adaptation which rejects both attitudes towards goals and means while rebellion, being the last of the Merton’s five nodes seems to be in a fix regarding the rejection or acceptance of the attitudes towards cultural goals and institutionalized means. Merton’s paradigm of deviant behavior is one theory which dedicatedly believes on the premise of tying up the five modes which significantly outline the differences between the institutionalized means and the cultural goals (Merton 1942).

Organisational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organisational Leadership - Essay Example The scare coincided with the retirement of John Scott the long serving CEO and the new CEO'S initial months at the head of the organisation has been problematic. Media stores have suggested that he hasn't effectively managed the reputation damage to Retailco's brand and was not fully conversant with or effectively leading the international markets. In addition to that, the Executive Board is uncertain as to how to develop the China strategy and as a consequence its share price and ability to raise funds from investors is at risk.† Thus, the purpose of this part is to provide a solution to the challenges faced by Retailco Company. Reputation is often associated with damage and it’s never intentional. For instance, the Snow ball chocolate contamination has badly ruined the Retailco company reputation. No single organisation intends to temper with its perfect reputation on purpose. According to the reputation theory, reputation damage can be mitigated and managed. In additi on to that, reputation risks makes organisations not to meet expectations in terms of revenue and also give surprises that are unpleasant. To manage reputation risks, company’s managers should invest in trust as it is the principal currency. All in all, successful mitigation of reputation damage helps in achieving of high performance, activity and behaviour consistent alignment with the expectations of the stakeholder. For purposes of managing the company reputation risk, the CEO needs to identify and appreciate his stakeholders as vital ingredient for managing reputation. This is because; the primary stakeholders are vital organisation components without whom the organisation cannot function properly. The stakeholders are such as the customers, suppliers, employees and stakeholders. Even though secondary stakeholders are not that important, the loss of any of them or a substitute addition is not critical in any business environment. As such, the CEO of Retailco company shoul d identify 6-7 stakeholders whom he should closely watch. In addition to that, the CEO should comprehend that there is no way that is simple when it comes to managing reputation. He should aim at preventing the situation in which the company reputation can be damaged. As such, he should put in place a protection policy. Since Retailco Company is managing business internationally, he should have a clear understanding of the factors that might affect his business such as competitive, economic, environmental and market factors. In addition to that, he should ensure that his employees understand the language of the people that houses its foreign operations. Furthermore, they should comprehend the attitudes of the people in the foreign country and also the things that motivate them. Finally, the company should ensure product sustainability through building products that are perfect and do not cause harm that is unnecessary. In addition to that, the managers should use their business to i mplement and inspire solution to crisis that is environmental among others. If all the above measures are followed, the company will regain its reputation again. In the light of the above, the reigning CEO should gather his employees together his employees together for purposes of imposing his beliefs, values, vision, goals and assumptions. All these are aimed at solving the problem in the company which is brand reputation. This is a perfect way of developing leadership and organisation culture. The end result is equipping of organisation employees

Culture and Society in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture and Society in Japan - Essay Example They also attend the university for four years or join the community college for two years. Buckley (1998) indicates that of the total number of students, 90percent, and more graduate from high school. However, in higher learning institutions, at least 40 percent graduates, this shows the importance of education in the society of Japan. Those with disabilities are also considered but under separate schools. The country is keen to provide all individuals with equal educational opportunities hence, known to be one of the countries with high literacy rates in the world. According to Shields (2004), the year for most schools in Japan begins in April and has three terms. These terms are separated by spring, winter and summer holidays. However, the summer break is just one month. Students have an option to or not join the kindergarten when beginning. In 2000, the numbers of children in school were estimated to be half the total population of Japan. This was opposed to the requirements of t he state. According to Japan’s educational system rules, children who join the kindergarten must be 3 years and above and their parents have to meet the tuition fee required. At the age of 6 to 12 years, children attend elementary school known as Shogakkou. This is the first phase of the compulsory education in Japan (Okimoto and Rohlen, 1998). The curriculum in the Elementary school is divided into moral education, subjects, and special education. The subjects that are studied include languages, arithmetic, and life environmental studies, physical and moral education. In the special activities, students get involved in several club events. In this phase, students have play breaks and go on recess. Those between the age of 12 and 15 attend Chugakkou, which is junior high school. This phase is crucial for all students as it determines the future of an individual student. The performance here determines if one will get admission to a good senior high school or not. Joining a go od senior high school increases the chances of an individual to join the best universities and later attain a better career in life. In this phase, students have to extend after school and are required to attend Juku. Juku is a cram school that is meant to help students increase their knowledge grasping power and bright students are pushed to the next phase. Juku also assists students in the preparation of exams meant for high school entry. Entrance exams enable students compete for the best high schools. It is normal for students to be in school for 12 hours. This excludes the homework given and other different activities. This pressure on Japanese students prepares them to compete for high school positions. According to Dore and Sako (1989) the Japanese education System has special arrangements where students can also work full time, while attending senior high school part time. The Japanese education system has the following outstanding features that include; first, schooling occ upies childhood and adolescence stages completely, secondly, the development of the compulsory education both pre and post is privatized. Thirdly, under the single-track system, general education is preferred. Fourth, classmates are automatically promoted according to seniority. Fifth, the number of non-Japanese students and adults enrolled in different schools in Japan is low. Sixth, the country is known to have high education achievement

The Cuban political system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Cuban political system - Essay Example Cuba, a Spanish colony holds very interesting political system; a country that got independence in 1898 has suffered in early years after independence a series of dictatorships. One of the notable dictators was Fulgencio Batista, he ruled with an iron fist that saw over whelming human rights abuses and opposition seriously surpressed.The totalitarianism sparked in 1959 revolution that marked the end of the unjust rule. After the impeachment of the imperial system, Cuba has defined their own system of democracy and provided the democratic space in the political arena; Cuba has endeavored to establish an election system in which direct elections is applied in National assembly, Municipal and the National assembly which resent the parliament. Contrary to many people’s beliefs, Cuba has liberalized the democratic nature of the candidate’s nominations; the candidates need not to be a member of the Communist party but can be from any party nominated at the primary level, though no political party is allowed to through its support to any particular candidate communist included. The people’s participation in political matters is strong, adults of 16 years and above with convicted persons excluded are allowed to vote, and those outside the contra are also permitted by law to vote this was viewed to expand the number eligible for voting. Abstaining to vote in Cuba is no offence, and with regard to that, the government appeals to those not wishing to destroy their Ballot papers. The presidential elections in Cuba is done by the National Assembly, the National Assembly elects 41 board members of which the president is amongst them (Erlich). In pluralism no other political parties are allowed in Cuba, all those who want to contest for political posts have only one choice of party, the Communist. This should not be misconstrued for dictatorship but as a strategy to contain the looming American involvement and supporting a party that would defy communism; the American interest is the capitalism. Political and economic development Though Cuba has been under the rule of Fidel Castro for nearly five decades, certain economic and political developments have been realized. For the period of 1900 to 1925 Cuba amalgamated its economy with the capitalist West, particularly the US. This was basically on sugar exportation, the US w as in control of a quarter of the cane plantation and other investment levels, and this cooperation was perceived to weakening the Cuban economy and was rescinded upon. 1934 to 1959 was a period in which America shown interest to control the political developments in Cuba in an indirect way, though highly reprimanded, it created raised the working class level; this was manifested in the 1953 population census that indicated the following; 818,000 people involved in agriculture, 327,000 workers in the manufacturing industries, 232,000 in the field of commerce, 395,000 in the service industry and additional 104,000 in the transport industry (Humbolldt). This statistics were disputed by analysts that the Cuban monoculture practice only spurred growth in the economy and did not realize economic development , its also accused of uneven development, that’s notwithstanding, in the late 1950s Cuba was ranked fourth Latin America countries richest country with indices such as workers percentage, literacy, electric power per capita and food consumption. In relation to the standard of living Cuba had a lead in reading newspapers, Telephones, TVs and cars per head. It also ranked third in doctors per head, food consumption and radio possession per head. The future of Cuba Cuba at the moment is in a precarious state over a leadership vacuum in the offing, the long serving undisputed Cuban president Fidel Castro is in his sunset days, the brother Raul Castro is temporarily in power and the ragging question is who will succeed Fidel?, who would control both the police and the army. The

Cumberland Metal Industries Essay Example for Free

Cumberland Metal Industries Essay In its initial evaluation, the company believes that the new product, curled metal cushion pads, has a potential for increasing the company’s sales and profit and for diversifying the products it offers. Early demands for the product appear to be good, however an in-depth analysis of the marketing aspect is necessary before the company can introduce the product to the market. Situational Analysis Based on the two trials made, it is clear that the company is in possession of a product that is better than any of those currently available in the market. The question only is how much better this product is than the others already available. Based on the first trial performed, the product is 25% more efficient than its closest competitor in terms of feet of piles driven per hour. It also increases the efficiency of the operations by requiring less time for set changes of about 80%. Each set of the product also performs nineteen times better than said competitor. In the second trial, the product maintained its previous performance as far as feet driven per hour time for set changes is concerned. It surpassed its previous performance by performing forty-nine times better than its competitor. The efficiency and effectivity of the product translates to other forms of savings on the part of the user. First, the contractor or builder will decrease the cost of rental of the equipment used in the construction by at least 25%. If the workers’ compensation is computed based on the number of hours worked, the contractor or builder will incur savings amounting to 25% of the cost of labor. Aside from its efficiency the product can also decrease, on the part of the workers, the health risk usually associated with the use of asbestos and decrease employers’ expenses relating to workers’ health insurance in the long run. Actual figures of demand for the product are hard to calculate. Based on the assumptions made by Mr. Simpson that the construction industry will need to drive 290 million to 390 million feet of piles annually, the total demand for the product annually is around 174,000 (290,000,000/10,000 x 6) to 324,000 (390,000,000/10,000 x 6) pads annually. To penetrate the market, the company will need to convince the key players of the construction industry that it should use the product. The approval of the architecture/ consulting firms, engineering/construction contractors and independent contractors are a must since they are the ones that will actually use the products. Independent contractors could be targeted since they are more willing to try new products that can increase their profits. A positive review from this group can convince bigger firms to use the product. The approval of pile hammer manufacturers and pile hammer distributing/ renting companies will be good but not necessary. These two groups know that the use of the product will decrease their profits so they have motivation to not recommend the products to their customers. Pile hammer distributing/ renting companies can provide an efficient distribution channel and reduce the company’s distribution cost since the mechanism is already in place, but not having the approval of this group is not essential since other methods of distribution are available to the company. Once amount of demand for the product is large enough this group can later decide to offer the product to their customers. Recommendations Initially, the pricing used by the company should be based on the data provided by the first test since it is more conservative. It can gradually increase its prices if the performance of the second trial is confirmed by actual practice. Based on the first trial, the company should charge $167 per pad. This price is computed by multiplying the cost of each set with the number of sets required ($50 x 20 pads) and dividing the result with the no. f pads of curled metal cushion required (1000/6). By using this price, the consumer will incur the same amount of cost for cushion pads in a project whether it uses asbestos or the curled metal cushions; it is only the amount of cushion pads used that will vary. However, this price does not charge consumer for the additional benefits provided by the product, such as 25% decrease in the cost of renting equipment and wages of laborers. This will be the selling point of the product upon its introduction. It will be important for the company to concentrate on building the confidence of the key players of the industry, instead of maximizing the profits in the first few years of introducing the product. Marketing campaigns should be focused towards convincing the architecture/ consulting firms, engineering/construction contractors and independent contractors to use the products. It could try to market the products directly to these groups since renting companies may be hesitant to distribute products that will decrease the profits generated by the services they offered. Moreover, most contractors used their own pile hammers instead of renting, so distribution through these renting companies has limited reach. Independent contractors should be given particular attention, as far as efforts at direct selling is concerned, since these groups are more likely to try new methods that decreases their cost and increases their bottom line than the more established firms. When the reputation of the product is established, it can decide whether it will continue its direct approach or use the services of pile hammer distributing/ renting companies. For the reasons stated above, the demands of the Colerick Foundation Company should be accepted by the company since this would be the first of the company’s direct sales. In summary, I would like to recommend that the company sell its curled metal cushion pads for $167 each. The company should first focus in building the reputation of its product because of its innovative quality. One way of doing so is convincing the experts that it is better than anything else present in the market.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Curcumin

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Curcumin Development and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Bioavailability Enhancement of Curcumin CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEWED ON DRUG Chirio, et.al (2011) formulated Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles of fatty acids (FA) via coacervation technique based on FA precipitation from their sodium salt micelles in the presence of polymeric non-ionic surfactants and found higher entrapment efficiency and lowest possible cytotoxicity. Prashar, et.al (2011) studied the various biological effects and other aspects of the Curcumin, herbal remedy and dietary spice. According to them Curcumin is a lipophilic molecule and rapidly permeate cell membranes and act by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, induction of analysis, inhibition of transformation of normal cells to tumor cells and inhibition of invasion of metastasis. A number of animal studies have shown that Curcumin has a dose-dependent chemopreventive effect in colon, duodenal, stomach, esophageal and oral carcinogenesis. Curcumin possess various other activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-coagulant, anti-fibrotic, anti-mutagenic, anti-fertility, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-protozoan, anti-viral etc and concluded that Curcumin is an effective bioactive agent. The low water solubility and poor bioavailability of Curcumin can be overcome by various structural modifications. Stability aspect shows better effect and less toxicity offering bet ter pharmacodynamic characteristics. Choudhary, et.al (2012) studied the various potential therapeutic effects of Curcumin and reported that the research towards nanoparticles encapsulated Curcumin should be strengthened to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in treatment of various disorders. Wang, et.al (2012) formulated Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles via solvent injection method using stearic acid and lecithin as lipid, tween 80 as surfactant and chloroform as cosolvent. The prepared SLNs were evaluated for various parameters like entrapment efficiency, drug loading, zeta potential, particle size, x-ray diffraction, in-vitro(via dialysis bag method) and in-vivo(in Balb/c mice) drug release and it was found that average size of C-SLNs was found to be 190 nm with zeta potential value of -20.7 mV and 75% drug entrapment efficiency. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the encapsulated Curcumin. The release profile of C-SLLNs was an initial burst followed by sustained release and the Curcumin concentration in plasma suspension were significantly higher than those obtained with Curcumin alone, following C-SLNs, all the tissue concentrations of Curcumin increased, especially in lung and liver and it was found that in animal model of asthma, C -SLNs effectively suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory cell infiltration and also significantly inhibited the expression of T-helper-2-type cytokines, such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to the asthma group and Curcumin-treated group. These observations implied that C-SLNs could be a promising candidate for asthma therapy. Zheng, et.al (2013) formulated solid lipid nanoparticles to encapsulate Curcumin, by blending liquid lipids (Sefsol-218Â ®) with various solid lipids (Dynasan 114Â ®, Dynasan 118Â ®, Compritol ATO 888, Precirol 5ATO, Glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid and Hexadecanoid acid, Pluronic F68) via high pressure homogenization technique and found that the particle size decreased during the high shear process, and high pressure homogenization ensured the homogeneity of the nanoparticles. They also found that the Poloxamer 188 played a large role in the small and stable lipid nanoparticle system and contributed to the improved incorporation efficiency of Curcumin and concluded that suitable amount of liquid lipid when blended reduced the particle size of solid lipid nanoparticles and stabilized the system with improved dispensability and chemical stability in aqueous systems and exhibited sustained release and prolonged cell growth inhibition and cellular uptake in cancer cells as compare d to unformulated free Curcumin and the relative bioavailability significantly increase after intravenous administration in rats. Kakkar, et.al (2013) prepared and evaluated Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in the experimental paradigm of cerebral ischemia (BCCAO model) in rats and found that there was an improvement of 90% in cognition and 52% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase versus cerebral ischemic group. Neurological scoring improved by 79%. Hence, study indicates protective role of Curcumin against cerebral ischemic insult; provided it is packaged suitably for improved brain delivery. Sun, et.al (2013) prepared Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (C-SLNs) by high-pressure homogenization by blending liquid lipid Sefsol-218Â ® with the solid lipids and found that the high shear process, and high pressure homogenization ensured the homogeneity of the nanoparticles thereby improving the dispersibility and chemical stability of Curcumin, prolonging its antitumor activity and cellular uptake and enhancing its bioavailability. The morphology, sbability and release of Curcumin in the optimized formulation were investigated. The anti-cancer activity of the formulation was evaluated in MCF-7 cells. Fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to quantify cellular uptake of the drug. Blending sefsol-218Â ® into a lipid matrix reduced the particle size without improving drug loading, mean size was found to be 152.8Â ±4.7 nm and a 90% entrapment efficiency. Curcumin displayed a two-phase sustained release profile from C-SLNs with improved chemical stability, compared to th e soubilized solution, C-SLNSs exhibited prolonged inhibitory activity in cancer cells, as well as time-dependent increases in intra-cellular uptake. After inravenous administration to rats, the bioavailability of Curcumin was increased by 1.25 fold and it was concluded that C-SLNs with improved dispersibility and chemical stability in an aqueous system have been successfully developed. C-SLNs may represent a potentially useful cancer therapeutic Curcumin delivery system. Chen, et.al (2014) fabricated Curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles via emulsion-evaporated technique and low temperature-solidification technique using monostearin as lipid, tween 80 as surfactant and methanol as cosolvent. C-SLNs were formed by lipid recrystallisation and the blank SLNs were prepared by the same procedure without adding Curcumin. Prepared C-SLNs were evaluated for various parameters like particle size, zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction, and in-vitro release and it was found that the particle size is 99.99 nm, polydispersity index of 0.158, zeta potential of -19.9 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 97.86 % and drug loading capacity of 4.35 %. The release kinetics in-vitro demonstrated Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles can control drug-release and it was concluded that the Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles could be prepared successfully with high drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacity and hence may be a pr omising drug delivery system to control drug release and improve bioavailability.

Enterprise Collaboration Tool Analysis

Enterprise Collaboration Tool Analysis Abstract: Enterprise Collaboration Tool is rethinking how technology can help companies manage customer relationships. ECT, the market leading CRM application, delivers a feature-rich set of business processes that enhance marketing effectiveness, drive sales performance, improve customer satisfaction and provide executive insight into business performance. Supported by deep collaboration and administration capabilities that adapt to how your company operates, ECT is delighting customers of all sizes across a broad range of industries. Enterprise Collaboration Tool is a powerful modular Internet/Intranet application framework. It features a scheduler, Meetings, Messaging, address book, file upload and download and feedback. Everything is designed to collaborate online. Objective Effective planning and scheduling of time bound work and monitoring the work done by the employees and effective use of online system to communicate and collaborate with the members of other centers of a decentralized organization. Scope System with adaptability to any organization to monitor the work done by people with respect to time and also assigning work. Features Captures daily work done by employees Provides communication module. Summary reports on work done by employees. Attendance report based on the entered work details. Online work log entry and work assignment. Address book to store the contact numbers and personal info Scheduler to keep mark notes on a particular day. Feedback, which ensures the management to look up the comments by the employee. Uploading and downloading facility Information about all the existing branches of the organization. The newsletters regarding the day-to-day affairs of the organization. The proposed Enterprise Collaboration Tool consists of a login screen from which the users and administrator could logon in to the system. In this System, the users are given different roles. Each role is associated with some services. The various roles are administrator employee, programmers etc. Admin is the head of all branches and is responsible for user management and branch administration. The Enterprise Collaboration Tool process starts with the creation of users and mapping their roles from the administrator login. The system will maintain the check-in time and checkout time daily and will allow the users to enter their worklog daily and has a provision to enter the yesterdays worklog details also (exemption given to enter backlogs of previous day). Company Profile: Verza Soft is quickly emerging as an innovative and essential business software applications development resource. Since 1985, Verza Soft has provided custom design, implementation and support solutions to a variety of information management industries and business environments. Experienced and intuitive, the professionals at Verza Soft understand how fast technologies change and we remain committed to solving the unique information management application challenges of todays business world while developing and evolving strategies for tomorrows. With over twenty combined years of professional software development experience, the principals at Verza Soft are business applications authorities. As specialists, weve learned to anticipate individual client application needs and design software suites to complement virtually every hardware technology. We offer 24-hour customer service and employ a qualified team of trainers, technicians and creative designers who assist in developing the comprehensive, user-friendly software programs that distinguish Verza Soft as the perfect answer to the often puzzling questions inherent in contemporary information management technologies. Weve been working on an offshore development model from day 1 and have perfected the process of onsite-offshore interaction over the past seven years. Our services are highly cost effective enabling our clients to get the best value for their money Working primarily within Sun family of productsto combine expert use of hardware technology and state-of-the-art software, Verza Soft is ware its at! From software programming and applications development including custom Internet integration to system architecture and technical design, through continuous support solutions, Verza Soft pieces together todays information management puzzle to create optimal, full integrated, interactive packages that best meet global business demands. Working one-on-one, we can develop innovative applications that not only satisfy your specific business requirements, but also complement your companys investment in essential information management technologies. Were dedicated to making you look good custom design ware by Verza Soft its the solution that fits! Verza Soft understands the significance of a good quality assurance (QA) process for creating world-class products. With hundreds of person-years of experience in the field of testing, it has expertise in the development and execution of tests for applications in the client/server, internet/web and the mobile space, using both automated and manual methodologies. Functional testing verifies whether a product/application performs as per specifications System Analysis: Existing System Here the existing system is nothing but a manual system using which the administrator task from the main branch becomes more complex to prepare schedules for all the employees working in different branches and sent them manually and tracking their status. Generating the different reports by co-relating different things is a tedious process. In this system the sub center individually manually maintains their database regarding employees daily work log, scheduled work, progress of work, attendance, leaves, payments etc.. and sends reports to the main centre through email attachments or by post. Unless and until the main centre manager receives reports from sub centers, he is unable to take decisions regarding employees and their salary, promotions, meetings, daily schedules, scheduled projects, customer details etc. Drawbacks: Doesnt provide effective co-ordination between different branches Doesnt provide role based security for the data Generating different kinds of reports becomes more complex Doesnt provide effective communication for our employees with in the company Doesnt allow the administrator to monitor overall activities of the company. These drawbacks of the existing system leads to the present web based application called Enterprise Collaboration Tool. There by the management is now relieved from all tensions from which they faced previously. Proposed System The proposed system is a software solution for the existing system. It is a powerful modular Internet/Intranet application framework which provides good co-ordination between our branches and allows the administrator to effectively track activities of the company. It features a scheduler, Worklog, Meetings, Messaging, address book, file upload and download and feedback. Everything is designed to collaborate online. Advantages: Provides effective co-ordination between different branches regarding work schedules through scheduler and worklog facilities. Improves the quality in planning and managing works Generating different reports will be very easy Provides a facility for the administrator to track overall activities of the company Provides good communication channel for the employees to interact with in the company Provides upload and download facilities to share the documents Provides a facility to collect the feedback from the employees Provides a facility for the employees to maintain the contacts in their address book. Feasibility Steady Feasibility steady is an important phase in the software development process. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of out comes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. Feasibility study should be performed on the basis of various criteria and parameters. The various feasibility studies are: Economic Feasibility Operational Feasibility Technical Feasibility Economic Feasibility: It refers to the benefits or outcomes we are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the product. If the benefits are more or less the same as the older system, then it is not feasible to develop the product. In this product if we have developed this application then the amount of time spent in preparing the schedules, sending it different branches and monitor the work will be reduced which indirectly increases the production for the company. Operational Feasibility: It refers to the feasibility of the product to be operational. Some products may work very well at design and implementation but may fail in the real time environment. It includes the study of additional human resource required and their technical expertise. This application will also work in any environment with out any problems since we are implementing this project in java language. Technical Feasibility: It refers to whether the software that is available in the market fully supports the present application. It studies the pros and cons of using a particular software for the development and its feasibility. It also studies the additional training needed to be given to the people to make the application work. For this project we need not recruit any additional staff to make use of this application. If we train our staff for one hour then it will be enough to work with application. Since this application uses the softwares which are already used by the company so that the company need not purchase new software to run this project. Software and Hardware Requirements: HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Pentium IV processes architecture 1. 512 MB RAM. 2. 160 GB Hard Disk Space. 3. Ethernet card. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Database : Oracle 10g XE Web Server : Apache Tomcat 5.0 Front end : JSP / Servlets, J2SDK 1.5, HTML, Java Script Functional Requirements Non Functional Requirements: Functional Requirements The main purpose of functional requirements within the requirement specification document is to define all the activities or operations that take place in the system. These are derived through interactions with the users of the system. Since the Requirements Specification is a comprehensive document contains a lot of data, it has been broken down into different Chapters in this report. But the general Functional Requirements arrived at the end of the interaction with the Users are listed below. A more detailed discussion is presented in the Chapters, which talk about the Analysis Design of the system. The system holds the details of the employees and their braches. It holds the schedules of different employees of the company. It holds the details of all works done by the employees. The system allows the administrator to manage different users. It also allows the administrator to prepare the schedules and assigns them to different employees. It allows the administrator to post the meeting details which will be displayed for all the employees. It allows the employees to store the customer contacts in their address book. It allows the administrator and employees to share the documents using upload and download facilities. It allows the employees to post their feedback It allows the administrator to view customer feedbacks. It allows the administrator to broadcast the news information It allows the employees to send a message to other employees or a group of employees at once. It allows the administrator to view work pending report NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: The non-functional requirements consist of Constraints. Guidelines. Constraints These are the requirements that are not directly related to the functionality of the system. These should be considered as mandatory when the system is developed. The following Constraints were arrived at for the system: The system should be available over the intranet so that the Users like the administrator employees can use the system from their respective locations which could be with in the company. For gaining entry into the system the employees should be registered by the administrator and should be able use login passwords for gaining access to the system. The users should be able to change their passwords for increased security. The system should be easy to understand and organized in a structured way. The users should also receive appropriate messages about any errors that occur. There should be no limitation about the hardware platform that is to be used to run the system. Data integrity should be maintained if an error occurs or the whole system comes down. Guidelines We have discussed mandatory requirements in the previous section. The requirements in this section should be taken as suggestions they should be thought of as recommendations to further enhance the usability of the system. The system should display a menu for users to choose from. The system should display users requests in a reasonable time. Services of the system should be available 24 hours a day. The system should be designed in such a way that it is easy to enhance it with more functionality. It should be scalable easily maintainable. Execution Methodology Methodology The different phases of the implementation of the project here is Phase 1 Business Process Requirements analysis Phase 2 System Requirements Specifications Phase 3 Design and Development Phase 4 Testing Debugging Phase 5 Implementation Phase 1 Business Process Requirements analysis Business Process Requirements analysis is the phase when the relevant business area is studied in detail. This process brings out the gaps between the existing systems and identifies the areas where the business operations should be modified, keeping in view the way it needs to be carried out to encounter the problems during this phase the required documents are prepared defining the existing and required setup for the project Phase 2 System Requirements Specifications The information about the requirements is collected which contains the information about the current user system and the proposed system as seen from the user perspective. At the end of this phase a detailed requirement specification document is prepared and approved. Phase 3 Design and Development In this phase the framework for the design of the proposed product is designed to meet the requirements specifications documented. The product is developed as per the framework to meet the objectives of the system requirement specifications approved. Phase 4 Testing Debugging This phase contains the preparation of test cases and the standards of testing. The end users using the dummy User Ids carry out the testing. Phase 5 Implementation The project enters the implementation phase when the product is ready to be implemented/piloted on the production environment and after thorough training to all the end users the product is implemented Project Estimates The estimated time lines for completing the implementation of the application identified and its approach is enumerated as below Phase Duration in weeks 1 Business Process Req.Analysis 2 System Requirements Specifications 3 Design and Development 4 Testing Debugging 5 Implementation Dubious use of the System If the user is deliberately going to handle the system improperly, like he can enter incorrect time/out or he may submit wrong worklog or feedback. The System is to be further developed to countercheck the employees entries with that of the local authorities. System Design: Logical Design Design for WebApps encompasses technical and non-technical activities. The look and feel of content is developed as part of graphic design; the aesthetic layout of the user interface is created as part of interface design; and the technical structure of the WebApp is modeled as part of architectural and navigational design. Dix argues that a Web engineer must design an interface so that it answers three primary questions for the end-user; Where am I? The interface should (1) provide an indication of the WebApp has been accessed and (2) inform the user of her location in the content. What can I do now? The interface should always help the user understand his current options- what functions are available, what links are live, what content is relevant. Where have I been; where am I going? The interface must facilitate navigation. Hence it must provide a â€Å"map† of where the user has been and what paths may be taken to move else where in the WebApp. Design goals- the following are the design goals that are applicable to virtually every WebApp regardless of application domain, size, or complexity. Simplicity Consistency Identity Visual appeal Compatibility. Design leads to a model that contains the appropriate mix of aesthetics, content, and technology. The mix will vary depending upon the nature of the WebApp, and as a consequence the design activities that are emphasized will also vary. The activities of the Design process; 1. Interface design-describes the structure and organization of the user interface. Includes a representation of screen layout, a definition of the modes of interaction, and a description of navigation mechanisms. Interface Control mechanisms- to implement navigation options, the designer selects form one of a number of interaction mechanism; a. Navigation menus b. Graphic icons c. Graphic images Interface Design work flow- the work flow begins with the identification of user, task, and environmental requirements. Once user tasks have been identified, user scenarios are created and analyzed to define a set of interface objects and actions. 2. Aesthetic design-also called graphic design, describes the â€Å"look and feel† of the WebApp. Includes color schemes, geometric layout. Text size, font and placement, the use of graphics, and related aesthetic decisions. 3. Content design-defines the layout, structure, and outline for all content that is presented as part of the WebApp. Establishes the relationships between content objects. 4. Navigation design-represents the navigational flow between contents objects and for all WebApp functions. 5. Architecture design-identifies the overall hypermedia structure for the WebApp. Architecture design is tied to the goals establish for a WebApp, the content to be presented, the users who will visit, and the navigation philosophy that has been established. a. Content architecture, focuses on the manner in which content objects and structured for presentation and navigation. b. WebApp architecture, addresses the manner in which the application is structure to manage user interaction, handle internal processing tasks, effect navigation, and present content. WebApp architecture is defined within the context of the development environment in which the application is to be implemented. J2EE uses MVC architecture; 6. Component design-develops the detailed processing logic required to implement functional components. Modules: Scheduler Work Log Module: User Management Branch Management Module: Communication Module (Messages, Meetings, Notices Module News): Address Book Feedback Module: Reports Scheduler Work Log Module: This module helps in preparing the work schedules and monitors work simply by sitting at the main branch. It provides user friendly screens which include calendars to select the date. Once the administrator has added the work to the schedule then it will displayed to all the employees in all the branches. It will be easy for an employee now to know his work schedule, complete it and intimate it to the administrator by entering the work details in the work log so that the administrator can monitor easily. User Management Branch Management Module: This module helps the administrator to add new branch details to the database, edit the existing branch details and delete the branch. It also provides a facility to the administrator to add the employee details and create the logins for the required employees, edit the user details and the delete the user information from the database. Communication Module (Messages, Meetings, Notices Module News): This module provides a facility to the employees to communicate each other very easily by sending the messaged in this application. The messages provides options to send a message to another employee, view the message list, open a message a message, delete a message and send a message to all the employees in a group at a time. This module provides a facility to the employees to know the details of the meetings which are going to be conducted just by clicking view meeting details option in meetings link. The users can also post the meetings details at any point of time. This module provides a facility to the employees to send the notices prepared by one branch to another branch then these people can upload the notice document and that will be downloaded by another branch people. It is just like sharing the documents across the branches. This module helps the administrator to post the news details which will be displayed to all the users when ever they logged in. Address Book Feedback Module: This module provides a facility to the employees to store their individual contact details in the address book. It allows us to add, edit and delete the contact details in the address book. This module helps the users to post their feedback about a policy which was implemented by company from online and allows the administrator to view the feedbacks posted by all the employees. Reports: This module allows the administrator to view different kinds of reports according to his requirement. It generates the reports based on employees, employee work report, groups reports and employee report. Physical Design UML Diagrams Data Dictionary Data Modeling Overview A data model is a conceptual representation of the data structures that are required by a database. The data structures include the data objects, the associations between data objects, and the rules which govern operations on the objects. As the name implies, the data model focuses on what data is required and how it should be organized rather than what operations will be performed on the data. To use a common analogy, the data model is equivalent to an architects building plans. A data model is independent of hardware or software constraints. Rather than try to represent the data, as a database would see it, the data model focuses on representing the data as the user sees it in the real world. It serves as a bridge between the concepts that make up real-world events and processes and the physical representation of those concepts in a database. Methodology There are two major methodologies used to create a data model: the Entity-Relationship (ER) approach and the Object Model. Data Modeling In the Context of Database Design Database design is defined as: design the logical and physical structure of one or more databases to accommodate the information needs of the users in an organization for a defined set of applications. The design process roughly follows five steps: planning and analysis conceptual design Logical design Physical design implementation The data model is one part of the conceptual design process. The other, typically is the functional model. The data model focuses on what data should be stored in the database while the functional model deals with how the data is processed. To put this in the context of the relational database, the data model is used to design the relational tables. The functional model is used to design the queries, which will access and perform operations on those tables. Components of a Data Model The data model gets its inputs from the planning and analysis stage. Here the modeler, along with analysts, collects information about the requirements of the database by reviewing existing documentation and interviewing end-users. The data model has two outputs. The first is an entity-relationship diagram which represents the data structures in a pictorial form. Because the diagram is easily learned, it is valuable tool to communicate the model to the end-user. The second component is a data document. This is a document that describes in detail the data objects, relationships, and rules required by the database. The dictionary provides the detail required by the database developer to construct the physical database. Why is Data Modeling Important? Data modeling is probably the most labor intensive and time consuming part of the development process. Why bother especially if you are pressed for time? A common response by practitioners who write on the subject is that you should no more build a database without a model than you should build a house without blueprints. The goal of the data model is to make sure that the all data objects required by the database are completely and accurately represented. Because the data model uses easily understood notations and natural language, it can be reviewed and verified as correct by the end-users. The data model is also detailed enough to be used by the database developers to use as a blueprint for building the physical database. The information contained in the data model will be used to define the relational tables, primary and foreign keys, stored procedures, and triggers. A poorly designed database will require more time in the long-term. Without careful planning you may create a database that omits data required to create critical reports, produces results that are incorrect or inconsistent, and is unable to accommodate changes in the users requirements. Summary A data model is a plan for building a database. To be effective, it must be simple enough to communicate to the end user the data structure required by the database yet detailed enough for the database design to use to create the physical structure. 1) Table Name: LOGIN_TWM NAME DATA TYPE SIZE PRIMARY USER ID VARCHAR 10 PASSWORD VARCHAR 10 FNAME VARCHAR 15 LNAME VARCHAR 10 ADDRESS VARCHAR 40 PHONE NUMBER 15 MAILID VARCHAR 25 GROUPID VARCHAR 8 CREATED_DATE_TIME DATE LASTUSED_DATE_TIME DATE BNAME VARCHAR 15 2) Table Name: LOGINOUT_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY USER ID VARCHAR 10 L_DATE DATE 3) Table Name: MESSAGES_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY SENDERID VARCHAR 15 RECEIVERID VARCHAR 15 M_DATE DATE SUBJECT VARCHAR 15 MESSAGE VARCHAR 50 4) Table Name: GROUPS_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY GROUPID VARCHAR 15 GROUPNAME VARCHAR 15 5) Table Name: GROUPUSERS_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY GROUPID VARCHAR 15 USERID VARCHAR 15 6) Table Name: MEETINGS_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY M_DATE DATE M_TIME VARCHAR 10 PURPOSE VARCHAR 20 AGENDA VARCHAR 50 CONCLUSIONS VARCHAR 50 7) Table Name: SCHEDULAR_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY USERID VARCHAR 15 S_DATE VARCHAR 25 SCHEDULE VARCHAR 50 8) Table Name: ADDRESSBOOK_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY LOGINID VARCHAR 25 USERID VARCHAR 25 FNAME VARCHAR 15 LNAME VARCHAR 15 ADDRESS VARCHAR 45 PHONENO NUMBER 15 OFFICEADD VARHCAR 45 OFFICEPHONE NUMBER 15 9) Table Name: WORKLOG_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY USERID VARCHAR 10 W_DATE DATE SLOTTIME VARCHAR 15 TASKS VARCHAR 45 10) Table Name: FEEDBACK_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY W_DATE DATE L_TIME VARCHAR 8 SUBJECT VARCHAR 15 COMMENTS VARCHAR 45 11) Table Name: NEWS_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY M_DATE DATE NEWS VARCHAR 49 12) Table Name: NOTICEBOARD_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY UNAME VARCHAR 15 FNAME VARCHAR 15 FCONTENT BLOB POSTED_DAT DATE MSGID NUMBER 4 13) Table Name: DOWNLOAD_TWM NAME DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY UNAME VARCHAR 15 FNAME VARCHAR 45 FCONTENT BLOB POSTED_DAT DATE MSGID NUMBER 4 14) Table Name: BRANCH_TWM NMAE DATATYPE SIZE PRIMARY BRANCH_CODE VARCHAR 15 BRANCH_NAME VARCHAR 25 E-R Diagram Technological Requirements: HTML HTML, an initialism of Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based

Social Time In The Life Of A Man And Society :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays Sociology

Social Time In The Life Of A Man And Society ABSTRACT: The subject of this paper is social time-the peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection. I also focus on the necessity of taking stock of time in human activities and in the societal development. The Past in progress of society signifies the Already-happened which has become the possession of history. This Past exerts an enormous influence on the Present, determining it both directionally and functionally. The Present includes the Present itself, a part of the Past, and some elements of the Future. It represents the only reality for human beings as life is lived in the Present only. The Present creates the material and spiritual preconditions for the Future. Resolution of contemporary global problems is crucial for our Future which runs sequentially in three stages: immediate Future, visible Future and distant Future. All three exert influence on the Present by providing ideological and informational images. Time disciplin es our minds and wills, organizes our actions and promotes our cognitions of the Past, the Present and the Future. All the scientific philosophical systems, worked out in the history of mankind, have a big methodological and educational meaning. Separate categories, like social time, having attributive qualities are not an exception. Everyone: a scientist, a politician, an ordinary person, the whole mankind can't help taking into account the factor of time in their life and activities. We can say that they need it like the air to breath. That is why time was investigated in the theoretical systematized form by well-known philosophers and scientists of the past centuries - Aristotle, Augustine, Kant, Newton, Hegel, Marx, and ones of the Modern Age - Einstein, Russell, Heiddeger, Spirkin, etc. Each of them contributed to the understanding of time and its qualities. The most important issues of the past can be summarized in the following statements. Time is an attribute of the matter, its integral quality; time is indissolubly connected with space and motion; there is no "absolute" time in the material world. Time in the form of category, being abstract, can exist only in the theory and be used in scientific purposes. Time has important qualities: objectivity, that is it exists as the matter irrespective of our will and consciousness; it is characterized by the eternity of its duration - it has neither begging nor end; and it is contradictory. The latter means: from the one hand, time is eternal, on the other hand, all objects and processes exist for a certain time and have an end.

Childhood Perspectives in Jane Eyre and Hideous Kinky Essay -- Jane Ey

Childhood Perspectives in Jane Eyre and Hideous Kinky Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816 in Hamworth in Yorkshire. Her father was the vicar of the village she lived in. Her mother died when she was very young. With her two sisters, Maria and Elizabeth she was sent to a very strict boarding school where she was very unhappy. Both her sisters died of tuberculosis, which made her very upset. Jane Eyre was based on Charlotte Bronte's own experience and is a fictional autobiography. Esther Freud was born in London in 1963 almost 150 years after Charlotte Bronte. She spent most of her childhood in Sussex, she was taken to Morocco when she was very young but says she can't remember. Hideous Kinky was published in 1992, although it's not an autobiography its base on her childhood experiences in Morocco. Jane Eyre is set in the middle of the Victorian period where children had no rights and social class was everything. As the book goes on we see Jane grow from a rebellious and boisterous young girl to a sensible and determined woman. We see Jane move from place to place meeting and losing people. Although we do see Jane growing into a young woman we are only concentrating on the first 10 chapters in which we follow her childhood. Hideous Kinky is set in the 1960's, in Morocco .The book gives a view of life on the road to Morocco is put across through the eyes of a sincere but often distracted hippie's five year-old daughter. As the small family seeks food, shelter and friendship wherever they can and their adventures unfurl, there grows between them a strange yet unshakeable bond. The contrast between the historical and social period in which the two books are set is stark, particularly with regard to th... ...y. In the evening, Jane speaks to Helen, she asks her why she puts up with Miss Scatchared's bullying and she explains the principles of endurance, duty and self-sacrifice to Jane, as based on the New Testament Gospels. A lot of the first few chapters when Jane starts Lowood consist of the converse between Helen and Jane. Though this dialogue covers some complex theological ground, it is nonetheless quite naturalistic and provides us with a deep insight into Helen's character. Helen offers one solution to Jane's problem - the need to quell her passionate nature and Jane does learn from her, as we begin to see in the following chapters. But Helen's faith is also essentially inward - looking, as indicated by her tendency to slip into reverie, and potentially death - willing; she looks forward to death as an elevation, 'I live in calm, looking to the end'.

Bless Me Ultima Essay -- essays research papers

Blood becomes the river. The human race dies and only the â€Å"she-goats and the he-goats† (109) remain. The lake â€Å"cracked with laughter of madness† and the â€Å"ghosts stood and walked upon the shore†.(109) Who dares dream such gruesome images? Antonio Marez. He questions God, he communicates with the dead, the dead ask him for blessings. Just who is this Tony? Tony is only a seven year boy who lives in small town of El Puerto. But he is no ordinary boy, he is the hero of Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima. The novel guides you through Tony’s life. From childhood to adulthood. It tells you about the experiences Tony has in life. The difficult tasks he has to overcome. Tony being only seven years old has to go through a lot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tony begins his story in the beginning. He does not mean the beginning of his dreams from which he learned the story of his birth and the people whom his father and mother belong to, and the story of his three brothers. He means the beginning of Ultima. Ultima is one of the most important people in Tony’s life. She is not only a curandera (healer) she is also Tony’s teacher. She guides him through his journey. A journey in which he has to find out what his destiny is. â€Å"Ultima† means â€Å"the end† for Tony Ultima is the unification between the beginning and the end. Time almost sees her as a sort of deity. Tony learns from her the names of plants, the herbs, the flowers, bushes and his appreciation for nature grows. Tony learns about the â€Å"...

Article For The Woman Day Magazine Essay

I would like to know if you are interested in helping me write an article for the Woman day magazine. They have asked me to write an article for their magazine. I have written articles for them before on different topics mainly related to law stuff. I told them my choice was on incontinence in woman and using a vibrator. Also I would like to explain how a helper can work if you can get help from someone experienced. Let me know what you think about this idea, should I pitch this idea? We would be marked as unknown authors; therefore our names will not appear in the article. We can also set up an email account in order to help other women regarding this issue. They are so many women that have this problem and are looking for answers. I am glad that this information is finally coming out and it is not very soon. Men usually do not object to several things but women always have several questions than men do. I am just glad that a recent study is being done on this and around this time next year it will be published as journal article. The study that is being done is the use of vibrator by half of the women while the other half gets a helper. The first part of the study has proven that women who have a helper are 50 to 60 percent dryer than normal. The next part of the study shows that women are going to do the same but will add visiting a person like Debbie in Mequon; the findings should be this that a woman should have a helper and do treatment as Debbie recommends, should stay 60 to 80 percent dryer than just putting the vibrator in. This study is being done by Urology at Hopkins: Brady Urological Institute Incontinence one of the team member is Karen E. Boyle, M.D and those guys who helped me get the journal article from last email I sent you. This is cutting edge and I am so happy it is coming out Mary. Really let me know if you are interested in doing this; I love to work with you on this and get your thoughts. This is a copy of the letter from Karen Boyle. Kathy is using a vibrator and having a helper is her idea. I have the same problem and when I have to travel I see such a difference but with my helper I am staying so much dryer. This has always been so hard for women to talk about but we have needs similar to men. What has bothered me for years, Kathy, is that men can just go to the Walgreen but we have to go to one of those stores so we have to feel dirty. This is because it is not like the guy’s penis since using a vibrator causes contractions and relaxation around the bladder and uterus. But moving the vibrator in and out make these contraction stronger, that’s why to have a helper is better because they can feel if you are having these contractions and act accordingly. Pulling it out once in a while during this exercise will also make the contractions stronger. I am glad that am going to write the article for that magazine if needed. [Please email or leave a note at front desk for me. Why intercourse doesn’t work is because the guy’s penis doesn’t vibrate?] Once again Mary if you believe you can help me for this cause then do let me know and then we can start writing idea together. I know how is it much better to get help form you. Just let me know if you’re interested.

A Palaeo Environmental Assessment Of Sediments

This palaeo-environmental Reconstruction is based upon utilizing a multi-proxy attack to analyze lake deposits. The lake of Wuxu-hai prevarications in the Province of Yunnan, southwest China ( figures 1 and 2 ) and consists of a individual basin mensurating 1.7km2 situated at an height of 3630m a.s.l. It is thought that Wuxu-hai Lake was formed by glacial procedures during the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) . At present, the catchment lies in a sub-alpine flora belt situated at 250m below the current treeline. The flora is chiefly comprised of cone-bearing wood ( Pinus, Picea and Abies ) , deciduous and evergreen Quercus. The country above the current treeline is dominated by grassland steppe. 1.2. Materials, Methods and Techniques In 2008 a 6.5 m nucleus was extracted from the Centre of Wuxu-hai Lake and sub-sampled at a declaration of 2cm, utilizing a multi-proxy attack, affecting a assortment of lithological and biological techniques. Vegetation screen Reconstruction within the lake catchment is inferred from alterations in the pollen concentrations of species over clip ( Pinus, Quercas, Artemisia and Poaceae ) . Loss on Ignition ( LOI ) has been carried out to find the organic content of the nucleus. Furthermore, Mineral Magnetic Analysis ( Xlf ) has taken topographic point in order to find the entire magnetic composing of the majority deposit. Finally, Micro Charcoal analysis ( grains/cm3 ) has been used to uncover counts of micro wood coal, supplying a record of past fire events within the catchment. Figure 1: Map exemplifying the Figure 2: Detailed map of Yunnan States of China. Province ( approx 380,000km2 ) . 2. ) Chronology Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 12 equally separated subdivisions of the nucleus utilizing a assortment of different stuffs. The natural 14C ages can non be straight used as a calendar day of the month. This is because the degrees of atmospheric 14C have non remained changeless during the span of clip that can be radiocarbon dated. Therefore, the natural 14C ages BP have been calibrated at 1 sigma and expressed as a mid point value ( Cal yr BP ) to give accurate calendar old ages. ( table 1 ) . Depth Material 14C Age ( uncalibrated ) Cal year BP ( 2 sigma ) Standard Error Median Age ( Cal yr BP ) Calender Year 72.25 Wood 8001 Â ± 50 8698 – 9011 0.979567 8854.5 Â ± 50 6904.5 80.25 Shell 7899 Â ± 65 8587 – 8987 1 8787 Â ± 65 6837 130.5 Wood 9211 Â ± 39 10253 – 10443 0.858516 10348 Â ± 39 8398 142.5 Leaf 9555 Â ± 55 10702 – 11109 0.991144 10905.5 Â ± 55 8955.5 151.5 Leaf 10018 Â ± 27 11329 – 11629 0.959505 11479 Â ± 27 9529 225.5 Majority 8742 Â ± 125 9535 – 10160 1 9847.5 Â ± 125 7897.5 268.5 Seed 13571 Â ± 33 15800 – 16546 1 16173 Â ± 33 14223 307.5 Leaf 14258 Â ± 54 16618 – 17438 1 17028 Â ± 54 15078 359.5 Wood 14723 Â ± 67 17285 – 18083 1 17684 Â ± 67 15734 431.5 Wood 16216 Â ± 41 19228 – 19484 1 19356 Â ± 41 17406 501.5 Shell 12321 Â ± 78 13994 – 14734 1 14364 Â ± 78 12414 629.5 Majority 18921 Â ± 102 22238 – 22638 1 22438 Â ± 102 20488 Table 1: Chronology tabular array exemplifying calibrated 14C AMS day of the months for WX1-08 nucleus. On-line standardization was calculated utilizing Calib Executive Version 5.0.2 package ( Stuiver and Reimer, 1993 ) . The tabular array besides illustrates the carbon 14 ages, standard mistake values, deepnesss of stuffs dated, type of stuff, uncalibrated and graduated day of the months. 3. ) Age-depth Model Figure 3: Age-depth theoretical account covers the period from 22.438 cal year BP – nowadays. Age deepness theoretical account Using the information illustrated in table 1, an age-depth theoretical account was created for the nucleus. However, it is necessary to province that when making the age-depth theoretical account, two of the original informations points were removed ( Table 2 ) . Depth Material 14C Age ( uncalibrated ) Cal year BP ( 2 sigma ) Standard Error Median Age ( Cal yr BP ) Calender Year 225.5 Majority 8742 Â ± 125 9535 – 10160 1 9847.5 Â ± 125 7897.5 501.5 Shell 12321 Â ± 78 13994 – 14734 1 14364 Â ± 78 12414 Table 2: Table exemplifying the 2 values that were considered anomalousnesss. The majority and shell stuffs, which were at deepnesss of 225.5 and 501.5 within the nucleus sample represented significantly lower median ages than the information points above them. This instantly became apparent when plotting them on the age-depth theoretical account as their average ages ( Cal yr BP ) represented obvious anomalousnesss. These values were removed from the age-depth theoretical account. Figure 4: Four zones have been interpreted from the magnetic susceptibleness values. These values indicate mineral magnetic belongingss which can be used to set up alterations in rates of deposit which can so deduce alterations in clime or alterations is the energy of the clime around the catchment ( Dearing, 1986 ) . The four zones stretch across all placeholders leting a multi-proxy probe in which palaeo Reconstruction is based on the integrating of grounds from all the beginnings. Entire organic C Pinus Quercus Artemisia Poaceae Loss-on-Ignition Charcoal Magnetic Susceptibility Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Grains Per Gram Xlf 9517 13371 16376 19033 20827 22105 Entire organic Silicate Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 5. ) Data reading 5.1. ) The undermentioned subdivision is an reading of the dataset in order to bring forth a paleoenvironmental history for Wuxu-hai Lake. Comparisons to local and regional datasets will be made throughout to measure larger-scale forms that could be related to climatic alterations. Proxy Inference Pinus Tree ( Pine ) Coniferous Grows at High heights ( Upland tree ) Cool conditions, precipitation Poor, coarse textured dirts pollen-analytical oscillations Temporal alterations in flora screen ( vegetation belt displacements ) Treelines: climatically sensitive transitional zones Ecological alterations Not all workss produce same measures of pollen Quercus Tree ( Oak ) Deciduous and Evergreen Grows at lower lifts than Pinus ( Valley braid ) Better dirts than Pinus Artemisia Herb/Shrub Grows at lower lifts than Pinus Warm conditions, prohibitionist Steppe environment Gramineae Grass Occurs in a broad assortment of environments Chiefly grassland steppe ( above treeline ) Loss on Ignition Organic content of sample Charcoal Record of past fire events Magnetic Susceptibility Geology, dirt procedures, deposit tracts, pollution, biological conditions ( Thomas and Goudie, 2000 ) Erosion rates and beginning of deposits Table 3: Summary of Proxies measured and how they can be used for palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction. 5.2. ) Zone 4: ( 635.75cm-500cm ) 22,500 Cal yr BP-20,000 Cal year BP ( approx ) At the beginning of this period Artemisia concentrations experience a big addition and disconnected lessening which is so followed by a steady overall addition to the terminal of this period. This steady overall addition is besides apparent from the Poaceae concentrations. However, the Pinus concentrations, which continually fluctuate during this period, illustrate an overall lessening. The Quercus concentrations fluctuate but remain at a relatively low degree throughout this period. These pollen concentrations suggest that the treeline was sing a progressive diminution in height during this period, leting an increased growing in highland grasses above the treeline. This causes increased Artemisia and Poaceae concentration which, in bend, would show that the catchment country was sing ice chest temperatures than antecedently. Yu et al. , ( 2003 ) survey utilizing a digest of lake records across China illustrated that cold, wet conditions were experienced in western China, before the LGM, produced by a lessening in vaporization due to a low temperature on land and an addition in precipitation. Towards the terminal of the zone the Pinus concentrations experience a rapid lessening to much lower values than old. The degrees of wood coal besides lessening. At this point the Poaceae and Artimisia concentrations demonstrate a rapid addition. This suggests that the treeline retreated to even lower heights within the catchment country, where it was sing even colder conditions than earlier and increased precipitation. During this clip Yan et al. , ( 2007 ) illustrated glacial-induced downward migrations of alpine species ( Pinus ) in cardinal and west of Yunnan Province. The magnetic susceptibleness signal demonstrates multiple fluctuations throughout this period. However, more specifically, it is apparent that the signal high spots a autumn in the mineral magnetic belongingss of the deposit at the terminal of this period. This lessening in the mineral magnetic signal indicates a alteration in the rates of deposit, perchance due to reduced rates of dirt eroding within the catchment. 5.3. ) Zone 3: ( 500cm-360cm ) 20,000 Cal year BP -18,000 Cal year BP ( approx ) All pollen concentrations fluctuate greatly during this period showing the environmental volatility that was being experienced within the catchment. The Pinus pollen diagram demonstrates that several periods of rapid reduced concentrations take topographic point, in between several periods of rapid increased concentrations. This suggests that during this period of environmental volatility the treeline height was continually fluctuating as a consequence of a series of cold stages within the catchment. These continual fluctuations in treeline height are besides apparent from the Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations. As the Pinus concentrations quickly decrease due to a decrease in treeline height and hence tree screen, the Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations quickly increase, due to an expansion of grassland countries situated above the treeline. Therefore, it is clear that this period represents an unstable clime which was continually switching between cold and warm stages. Throughout this period there is a continued fluctuation in the magnetic susceptibleness signal. However, the fluctuations occur at lower values than antecedently seen in zone 4. It is apparent that at the terminal of this zone there is a sudden important autumn in the magnetic susceptibleness signal. It appears that this lessening may be associated with the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) . The timing of the LGM in China is problematic. However many writers place the LGM at 18,000 BP. Equally good as the autumn in the magnetic susceptibleness signal, it is evident from the pollen diagrams that at this clip there are immediate big lessenings in Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations and, after a lag period, big additions in Pinus and Quercus concentrations. This big addition in tree pollen within the catchment demonstrates that the treeline increased in height as a consequence of clime betterment leting a short lived enlargement of forest countries. Walker ( 1986 ) explains that after the LGM, the flora began to react really shortly after or every bit shortly as deglaciation left surfaces available. 5.4. ) Zone 2: ( 360cm-210 ) 18,000 Cal yr BP-13,700 Cal year BP ( approx ) At the beginning of this period the treeline was at its topmost bound, about 18,000BP. However, after 18,000BP terrible diebacks of treeline occur, this is apparent when the concentrations of Pinus and Quercus all of a sudden experience a important lessening. The Er Yuan lake dataset from Yunnan provides grounds to propose that average one-year temperature, at about 18,000-17,000 BP, may hold been 4'C below current temps ( Walker,1986 ) . The cold conditions experienced at Er Yuan may hold besides been experienced at Wuxu-hai which would explicate the terrible dieback of the treeline. From this point onwards the concentrations of Pinus and Quercus fluctuate until about 11,500 BP. Poacea concentrations remain between 0 and 20 ( grains/gram ) but besides fluctuate until about 11,500. A lake nucleus dataset from Xi Hu, Yunnan, highlighted a period between 15,000-10,500 BP which demonstrated a fluctuating clime with periods of intense seasonality ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . The fluctuation s in all pollen concentrations evident in the nucleus may so correlate to this period of intense seasonality experienced at Xi Hu. However, a high declaration spelethem record from two caves in sou'-west Yunnan demonstrate that the Indian Monsoon varied significantly during the period of last deglaciation, resembling other East Asiatic monsoon records, such as those from Hulu and Dongge Caves ( Cai et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, the fluctuations in all pollen concentrations evident in the nucleus during this period could be related to the fluctuations in Monsoonal strength. Artemisia concentrations experience a important extremum at about 15,600 BP. This extremum may be attributed to the same cold-semi humid conditions which were experienced at Xi Hu between 17,000-15,000 BP ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . The Artimisia concentration so diminish where they excessively continue to fluctuate until about 11,500 BP. These fluctuations highlight a period after the LGM but before 11,500 BP during which short lived but complex vegetal alterations were taking topographic point. Walker ( 1986 ) highlights a similar fluctuation period within the Er Yuan lake dataset, between 14,000-10,500 BP, and states that this was the most vegetationally complex period. However, these fluctuations have no antagonistic portion in the Kunming lake dataset exemplifying the complexness of local clime alterations in Yunnan. Directly after the LGM the magnetic susceptibleness signal increases back to similar values that were present during zone 4. A strong extremum in the magnetic susceptibleness signal is apparent within this zone, about 16,700 BP. This may bespeak a alteration in deposit such as an inflow of tephra into the catchment country or Aeolian dust from desert parts in the North. However, this strong extremum in the magnetic susceptibleness signal is matched with reduced degrees of Pinus and Quercus concentrations which may bespeak that the environment within the catchment became unstable, impacting tree growing. 5.5. ) Zone 1: ( 360cm-0cm ) 13,700 Cal yr BP-Present ( approx ) This zone demonstrates a important extremum in wood coal concentrations at a deepness of 144cm, about 11,000BP. This addition is likely to stand for a big fire event within or around the catchment country. At the same clip there is a lessening in Quercus, Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations which imply that these countries within the catchment were affected by the fire. Around this clip Xi Hu experienced multiple vegetal and climatic events which were attributed to the Pleistocene-Holocene passage ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . However, this appears to hold no resemblance in Wuxu-hai, perchance due to the effects of the fire event. The Quercus, Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations so continue to worsen until 120cm, about 10,300, when Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations within the catchment addition. The pollen diagrams besides indicate that, at about 9,500 BP, the flora within the catchment begins to make a period of comparative stableness. No more rapid fluctuations in flora screen occ ur. The Xi Hu dataset besides illustrates the fact that after 10,500 there is no grounds of climatic alteration ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . Vegetation alteration after this period is largely of the order of accommodations within units. At a deepness of 100cm, about 9600 BP, the pollen diagrams demonstrate a gradual addition in concentrations of all pollen types. Menghai, Er Yuan and Kunming lake datasets attribute this addition, by about 10,000 BP, to the clime nearing modern values ( Walker, 1986 ) . At a deepness of 50cm, about 7,400BP Artemisia and Quercus concentrations demonstrate a steady lessening whereas Pinus and Poaceae concentrations remain stable. These comparatively stable concentrations demonstrate a displacement towards a new balance, closely similar to that of today and highlight the terminal of the environmental volatility which was apparent in the old zones. The Er Yuan and Kunming dataset besides indicate that by 10,500-7500 average one-year temperature and rainfall had reached degrees similar to today ( Walker, 1986 ) . The entire organic C concentration within this period indicates a important addition at a deepness of 50cm, about 7,500 BP, bespeaking a rapid inflow of organic affair into the lake at this clip. 6. ) Decision Having described climatic alterations at Wuxu-hai catchment which history for the proxy accommodations it is apparent that the period between about 22,500 BP – nowadays, is by and large dividable into, a clip before 13,500 BP when the clime form was complex, through a move towards progressively simplicity taking to a new stableness. However, it is indispensable to understand that this is a simplification of the many complex alterations that were taking topographic point throughout this period. Comparisons with other local and regional datasets have highlighted the fact that the paleoenvironmental history at Wuxu-hai has several comparings with the Er Yuan and Xi Hu lake datasets. However, the Kunming dataset comparings are non as clear. As Xiwen and Walker ( 1986 ) explain, there is a great assortment of local climes bring forthing vegetal differences, sometimes even on opposite sides of the same vale.

A Comparison between Hills Like White Elephants

Below is a free essay on â€Å"Compare† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Comparison between â€Å"Hills like white Elephants† and † Cat in the Rain† Similarities between â€Å"Cat in the Rain† and â€Å"Hills like white Elephants†: 1) Characters are couples in both. â€Å"Cat in the Rain† – â€Å"There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel† â€Å"Hills like white Elephants† – â€Å"The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside building† 2) The place where actions occur is not home, characters stayed there for a while. ‘Cat in the Rain† – â€Å"There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel† â€Å"Hills like white Elephants† – â€Å"He picked up the two heavy bags and carried them around the station to the other tracks† 3) In both works one of characters is girl an d she wants something, she was looking for something. †Cat in the Rain† – † And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles.And I want it to be spring and I want to brush my hair out in front of a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new clothes† â€Å"Hills like white Elephants† – â€Å"Could we try it? â€Å", â€Å"We want two Anis del Toro†, â€Å"I wanted to try this new drink† 4) Secondary characters are speaking another language. â€Å"Cat in the Rain†- † The maid looked up at her. â€Å"Ha perduto qualche cosa, Signora? â€Å"Hills like white Elephants† – â€Å"Dos cervezas,† the man said into the curtain 5) Also secondary characters are staff. â€Å"Cat in the Rain† – The maid looked up at her â€Å"ha perdute qualche cosa, Signora? † â€Å"Hills like white Elephants† – The Man called â€Å"listen† through the curt ain. The Woman came out from the bar. 6) Characters a little bit nervous. â€Å"Cat in the Rain† – â€Å"I get so tired of it†, she said. â€Å"I get so tired of looking like a boy† â€Å"Hills like white

Islam CCOT Essay

During the post classical era, we find the world evolving by expansion and intense communication along many regions. With expansion and communication, trade and culture travels such as West Africa being introduced to Islam. Moving into western African, between 1000ce-1450ce, the introduction of Islam has brought a great increase in slave trade and rose literacy rates, creating literate officials in state administration. However, no rigorous conversion was made, some traditional practices remained. The increase of slaves was obtained through conquest and the impact of Islam created religious power to officials in state administration due to appeal of legitimacy of rule. However distant ruling centers would be least likely affected by Islam. West Africa’s economy was greatly stimulated by the appearance of Islam. They were able to trade, not only across the Sahara, as they had in Europe and the Middle East. Prior to the influence of Islam, West Africa interacted through regional trade and with help from Tran Saharan route they were able to connect to North Africa. With the Muslims, the bringing of Islam enlarged the amount of concubines, sex slaves, in West Africa. Although concubines were not Muslim, because Muslims believed that they couldn’t enslave their own people. We see that within Muslim ancestry they’ve always been nomadic, always relocating in spite of gaining new resources. The establishment of Islam led to the development of 1st regular trade across the Sahara. The impact of Islam turned Africa into a focal point of trade, linking Africa to Eurasian world trade. The Islamic Civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science, producing notable doctors, nurses, scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, and philosophers. Monarchies and their courts now have literate officials to assist in state administration. A quantity of West African cities had become centers of Islamic intellectual life, increasing literacy rates and legitimacy in state administration. Muslims did not seek to convert West Africans; they did practice their religion while traveling. As time passed Muslim traders were accompanied by Clerics and scholars, these men interacted with local rulers on matter relating to trade, security, and governing. Until the leader of the kingdom converted, with full support would influence citizens to convert to Islam. Although Islam made a very large impression on West Africa, no through religious transformation was made. Being the fact they were rural there was no interaction with Muslims  or deepening influence of Islam. Practice such as permission for women to appear in public almost naked, being able to roam freely with unrelated men and the sparkling of dust on one’s head as a sign of respect. Other traditions also remained even though some converted to Islam due to the monotheistic belief related so closely to their belief in one creator God. While in West Africa, Islam rose slave trade along trade routes, increased literacy rates leading to conversion of literate state officials. Albeit, no religious transformation was made. Being the fact that Muslims were nomadic by ancestry they sought to carry out concubines in the slave trade. They believed that it was wrong to enslave their own people so they looked to Africans, their resource, to help them. In effect to the introduction of Islam, many aspects were imposed upon West Africans causing the conversion of monarchy. People found favor in Islam if the leader of the kingdom converted. Also religious legitimacy was brought to the attention of those who would gain status by pilgrimages to Mecca. But aside from the very large impact, no religious transformation was made because most of the cultures were rural and very distant to the places where Islam had interactions with.