Programmatic Changes in the Islamic Politics Assignment

Programmatic Changes in the Islamic Politics - Assignment Example People of the west have been misinformed about Islam as some of their journalists have disseminated wrong information about Islam and created a bad impression about the religion. Though, some of these aspersions are relatively true as some minor members of the Islamic community are guilty of what they have been accused of, but this is not to say that the whole Islamic community should be regarded as being demonic. In view of these accusations, the government of the Islamic countries should create a medium that would seek to portray the good image of Islam and the people that practice the religion to the Western countries and this would go a long way in correcting the wrong impression that has already been created about the religion. The Muslim societies have been known to practice a religion that does not permit freedom in their societies. The negativity in this impression should also be corrected as the religion does not tolerate sin and frowns against performing activities that could cause a person to commit sin. The Islamic community is, in fact, a free society as the individuals in these societies have the freedom to choose and do what they liked as long as it does not impede on their religion and take their hearts away from their God. The only thing that could be said not be free in Islam is that they do not have the freedom to sin and the act of doing this attracts severe penalties in the religion. The Western civilization, which is known for its principle of freedom and the protection of the fundamental human rights of its citizen claim that Islam does not guarantee freedom to all. They are of the opinion that the laws of Islam do not permit freedom to the bulk of its citizen, which includes women and the youths.

Converting gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy Essay Example for Free

Converting gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy Essay Unavoidably, I encountered two anomalous results due to making some of the measurement errors mentioned before. When I plotted my graph, I realised that one of the points was much higher up in relation to the line of best fit while the other was much lower down. I named these measurements A B. The kinetic energy gained by the ball bearing was just more than half of the gravitational potential energy it lost for most measurement e. g. when the ball bearing was dropped from a height of 0. 15 metres, it stored 18. 8 i 10i 4 mJ of potential energy which transformed into 11. 7 i 10i 4 mJ of kinetic energy which is just a bit more than 9. 4 i 10i 4 mJ (half of the gravitational potential energy it stored). Interestingly, for measurement A, when the ball bearing was dropped from 0. 17m, it had gravitational potential energy of 21. 3 i 10i4 mJ but it didnt gain just a bit more than 10. 65 i 10i 4 mJ of kinetic energy but actually gained less than half of the potential energy it stored 10. 2 i 10i 4 mJ. The reason for obtaining this irregular result may have been that I didnt release the ball from the highest point of the runway but a few centimetres further down. This would not have provided enough energy for it to drop down as fast as it did for other measurements because gravitational potential energy ,which the ball bearing stores, depends on height h ( E p = mgh), which is lowered in this case. Therefore, it brought a decrease in the kinetic energy which the ball bearing gained it didnt gain as much kinetic energy as it could have done, had it been dropped from the highest point on the runway. This is why, unlike the other measurements, it gained less than half of the potential energy it stored. Another factor which may have caused this anomalous result could have been that the height of the runway itself wasnt set accurately lower than it should have been so although the gravitational potential energy we calculated = mgh = 0.00125 i 10 i 0. 17 would have been correct theoretically, it would have been practically inaccurate as the actual height set was less than what it should have been (0. 17m) and therefore the ball bearing in reality stored less gravitational potential energy than we calculated . On the other hand, for measurement B, when the ball bearing was dropped from 0. 19m, the ball bearing had gravitational potential energy of 23. 8 i 10i 4 mJ but it didnt gain just a bit more than 11. 9 i 10i 4 mJ of kinetic energy ( 1/2 of the gravitational potential energy) but actually gained a lot more than that. The reason for obtaining the inaccurate result would have been either pushing the ball bearing down the runway or releasing the ball bearing in air on the top of the runway instead of releasing it from rest in contact with the runway floor. Either of these reasons would have provided more energy for the ball bearing to roll down faster therefore it gained more kinetic energy than it did in other measurements when it was released from the top of the runway. Another factor which may have caused this anomalous result can be that the timing of the ball bearing rolling along the distance of 1m was recorded incorrectly or once again, the height wasnt set correctly the actual height set was smaller than what it should have been and therefore the potential energy calculated was less than what the ball bearing had actually stored and therefore the kinetic energy the ball bearing gained was calculated, was more than half of the potential energy which it stored. Finally, if I was going to do this experiment again, I would use more accurate measurement equipment to make my results more accurate. I would   use a computerised stop watch and lasers instead of a manual one to time the ball bearing rolling across the distance of 1m.   do an experiment on more even surfaces to reduce energy being lost in the form of heat by friction when the ball bearing slides down the runway or hits the sides on the way down the runway. Take more measurements for each reading to obtain more reliable and accurate averages Be more careful and alert in measuring and timing.   Have the same person operating the stop watch as different peoples have different reaction times which may not give reliable enough results to reach a firm conclusion.   Do the experiment in the same environment on the same day so that changes in room temperature doesnt affect energy transformations e. g.when the room temperature is higher, the runway floor would become hotter and the ball bearing sliding on it would lose more heat energy by friction. Use an even more accurate metre ruler to make the timing of the ball bearing rolling along the distance of 1m, more accurate.   Enlarge the distance I want the ball bearing to roll along so chances of obtaining inaccurate timing of the ball bearing is reduced.   Use a smoother ball bearing so it loses less energy in the form of heat and sound when it slides along the runway floor.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - lines 491-565 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the greatest 14th century text. The poem is made up of two stories, one (the testing at Bercilak's castle) set inside the other (the beheading of the Green Knight at the beginning and the return blow at the end). The unknown author describes in the poem adventure of the brave and courageous Sir Gawain who challenges the Green Knight. The passage that starts Part II of the poem illustrates the feast given to honor Sir Gawain for his bravery and courage after he meets the first challenge of the Green Knight. All knights present at the Round Table celebrate this great event and have a lot of fun after drinking: "Gawain was glad to begin those games in hall, /But if the end be harsher, hold it no wonder, /For though men are merry in mind after much drink" (Norton, p. 212). Furthermore, the author continues the poem by describing the seasons of the year that follow the Christmas celebration: "And so this Yule to the young year yielded place" (Norton, 212). The author clearly relates to the Christian traditions in the text. After Christmas comes, the time of Lent, a period of penance when people fast and get ready for the Easter holidays. This is also the time when everything becomes alive. Many animals wake up from the winter rest and all the plants become green. The unknown author creates for the reader a calm and easy mood while describing the seasons of spring and summer. Yet, by mentioning the green color of all plants, he reminds us about still-existing Green Knight who waits for Sir Gawain to come: "The ground and the groves wear gowns of green..." , "Glad is the green plant growing abroad, [...]" , "And the grass turns to gray, that once grew green" (Norton, 212, 213). With fall comes death, and the author tries to emphasize the fall of the Green Knight again, through the changing of the seasons The Author illustrates Gawain's bravery. Sir Gawain is ready to leave to search for the Green Knight. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - lines 491-565 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the greatest 14th century text. The poem is made up of two stories, one (the testing at Bercilak's castle) set inside the other (the beheading of the Green Knight at the beginning and the return blow at the end). The unknown author describes in the poem adventure of the brave and courageous Sir Gawain who challenges the Green Knight. The passage that starts Part II of the poem illustrates the feast given to honor Sir Gawain for his bravery and courage after he meets the first challenge of the Green Knight. All knights present at the Round Table celebrate this great event and have a lot of fun after drinking: "Gawain was glad to begin those games in hall, /But if the end be harsher, hold it no wonder, /For though men are merry in mind after much drink" (Norton, p. 212). Furthermore, the author continues the poem by describing the seasons of the year that follow the Christmas celebration: "And so this Yule to the young year yielded place" (Norton, 212). The author clearly relates to the Christian traditions in the text. After Christmas comes, the time of Lent, a period of penance when people fast and get ready for the Easter holidays. This is also the time when everything becomes alive. Many animals wake up from the winter rest and all the plants become green. The unknown author creates for the reader a calm and easy mood while describing the seasons of spring and summer. Yet, by mentioning the green color of all plants, he reminds us about still-existing Green Knight who waits for Sir Gawain to come: "The ground and the groves wear gowns of green..." , "Glad is the green plant growing abroad, [...]" , "And the grass turns to gray, that once grew green" (Norton, 212, 213). With fall comes death, and the author tries to emphasize the fall of the Green Knight again, through the changing of the seasons The Author illustrates Gawain's bravery. Sir Gawain is ready to leave to search for the Green Knight.

Essay --

Following WW I in the 1920’s, there was a decade of an economical explosion. The post-war era brought about many changes. Businesses showed great profits, migration to big cities of industrial companies occurred with the hopes of making a better life, people were given the opportunity to purchase things on credit, while others borrowed money making poor decisions buying high priced stocks with the intention of selling stocks for a profits to repay lenders. When Black Tuesday occurred on October 29, 1929, this marked the beginning of the Great Depression that left devastating economic hardships for the American people. Although it was always my belief that the stock market crash was the sole contributor of the Great Depression, there was actually a number of contributing factors that ultimately led to the great crash. The economic boom made it possible for companies to became more efficient with manufacturing and began stockpiling goods, once this occurred companies had to cut back on production. The wealthy stopped buying which led to further stockpiling. The work...

Chocolate Confectionery Industry Essay

This report will help you to uncover opportunities and understand the key issues affecting your market. How? By giving you instant access to analysis and critical recommendations. It will also challenge routine thinking by providing fresh, new perspectives that energizes your thought processes. Table of Content Introduction Definition Abbreviations Executive Summary The market Figure 1: Value sales and forecast in the UK chocolate market, by segment, 2008-13 Forecast Figure 2: Value sales and forecast in the UK chocolate market, 2008-18 Market factors Improving real spending should facilitate trading up Industry responds to health considerations Demographic changes pose challenges to chocolate Companies, brands and innovation Cadbury Dairy Milk extends its lead Figure 3: Leading brands’ sales and shares in the UK chocolate confectionery market, by value and volume, 2012/13 and 2013/14 Adspend falls in 2013 NPD looks to playfulness The consumer The consumer – Usage Figure 4: Frequency of eating chocolate, December 2013 The consumer – Reasons for eating chocolate confectionery Figure 5: Reasons for buying chocolate confectionery, December 2013 The consumer – Attitudes towards chocolate confectionery Figure 6: Attitudes towards chocolate confectionery, December 2013 The consumer – Factors influencing choice of chocolate as a gift Figure 7: Factors influencing choice when buying chocolate as a gift, December 2013 What we think Issues and Insights Faced with health concerns, chocolate can look to small formats and play off its image as a source of energy The facts The implications Innovation in tablets has hit chocolate assortments The facts The implications Hot drinks occasion and baking offer growth potential The facts The implications Browse Full Report With TOC: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/analysis/196225 Trend Application Trend: Extend My Brand Trend: Make it Mine Mintel Futures Trend: Brand Intervention Market Drivers Key points Expected growth in consumer spending could fuel trading up Figure 8: Consumer expenditure, at current and constant 2013 prices, 2008-18 Government’s Responsibility Deal invites industry to cut calories Removing confectionery from checkouts recommended to curb impulse purchase Chocolate manufacturers plan for sustainable future supply Demographic changes pose opportunities and threats Under-35s are core users of chocolate Figure 9: Trends in the age structure of the UK population, 2008-13 and 2013-18 Rise in older cohorts will potentially dampen growth The E demographic is expected to see rapid growth Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses Who’s Innovating? Key points Tablets surpass seasonal launches in category share Figure 10: Share of new product launches within the UK chocolate confectionery market, by product category, 2010-13 Brands come out to play Plain flavour loses share in new launches Figure 11: Share of new product launches within the UK chocolate confectionery market, by flavour (incl. blend), 2010-13 For More Latest Reports Under the Same Category: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/category/135 Market Size, Segmentation and Forecast Key points Market size and forecast Figure 14: UK value and volume retail sales of chocolate, 2008-18 Figure 15: Value sales and forecast in the UK chocolate confectionery market, 2008-18 Chocolate market sees sustained value growth through recession Market Share Key points Own-brand loses share despite pressures on budgets Figure 20: Leading brands’ sales and shares in the UK chocolate confectionery market, by value and volume, 2012/13 and 2013/14 Mondelēz powers up its CDM portfolio with stunning results Mars’ portfolio sees mixed results as Galaxy takes a knock but Maltesers powers ahea About Us Marketresearchreports.biz is the most comprehensive collection of market research reports. Marketresearchreports.biz services are especially designed to save time and money of our clients. We are a one stop solution for all your research needs, our main offerings are syndicated research reports, custom research, subscription access and consulting services. We serve all sizes and types of companies spanning across various industries. Contact M/s Sheela 90 Sate Street, Suite 700 Albany, NY 12207 Tel: +1-518-618-1030 USA – Canada Toll Free: +1-866-997-4948 Email: sales@marketresearchreports.biz Site: http://www.marketresearchreports.biz/

The role and significance of Cordelia in the novel Cats Eye Essay Example

The role and significance of Cordelia in the novel Cats Eye Essay Example The role and significance of Cordelia in the novel Cats Eye Paper The role and significance of Cordelia in the novel Cats Eye Paper Essay Topic: Literature Elaines struggle throughout her life can be greatly attributed to Cordelias role during her childhood, which ultimately led to Elaines retrospective of her artwork and also more personally her whole life. Cordelias influence over Elaine in her earlier years carried through in her subconscious and affected every relationship she would have in her future, with males and more importantly with females. Cordelia made Elaine feel inferior, abusing her both mentally and emotionally causing her to have a warped idea of what female friends are. Cordelias methods of showing friendship was by demeaning the people who surrounded her mainly because she herself was demeaned and caused to feel inferior by her family, mainly her father. By doing this Cordelia had control over Elaine which allowed her to speak to her however she felt and persuade her to do things she would not normally do like going down into the ravine for her hat in the cold. Elaines need to have a girl friend caused her to endure the abuse from Cordelia and Grace because she never knew what it was like to have a female companion. She had grown up playing with her older brother Stephen and had always dreamt of having friends that were girls. Due to this Elaine accepted her first experience with girls as how a female friendship should be structured. It is unfortunate that her first encounter with female friends was so traumatic because it seemed to have set a precedent for all her upcoming relationships. It was only later on in her life that Elaine truly realized how much she missed a relationship with females. As she gets older she begins to yearn for the opportunity that she never had, to have a true relationship with a woman. When Elaine finally builds up the courage to walk away from her friends it is only at this time that she realizes that the only power Cordelia had over her was her own weakness. Elaine has not been free of Cordelia since the first day she saw her standing on the pile of dirt in her yard. Ever since that day Elaine has been in a struggle to maintain a good relationship with Cordelia and as a result of this she gets manipulated. For instance when Cordelia invented the stack of plates as a way to control Elaine and keep her in line. For most of her friendship with Cordelia, Elaine believed that their treatment of her was their way of trying to make her a better person but she never knew what she was doing wrong or why she needed to be changed. Elaines struggle with the constant abuse from Cordelia affected her throughout her life, which is evident by her constant fear of confronting Cordelia while she was in Toronto. However this fear is survived by her need to confront Cordelia at her retrospective. Elaine is disappointed when she doesnt encounter Cordelia and while looking over her paintings she suddenly realizes that all along it was Cordelia who had a real problem and it is only at that moment that she is able to fully forgive Cordelia and ultimately forgive herself.

The Trent Affair in the Civil War

The Trent Affair in the Civil War Trent Affair - Background: As the secession crisis progressed in early 1861, the departing states came together to form the new Confederate States of America. In February, Jefferson Davis was elected president and began working to achieve foreign recognition for the Confederacy. That month, he dispatched William Lowndes Yancey, Pierre Rost, and Ambrose Dudley Mann to Europe with orders to explain the Confederate position and endeavor to obtain support from Britain and France. Having just learned of the attack on Fort Sumter, the commissioners met with British Foreign Secretary Lord Russell on May 3. In the course of the meeting, they explained the Confederacys position and emphasized the importance of Southern cotton to British textile mills. Following the meeting, Russell recommended to Queen Victoria that Britain issue a declaration of neutrality in regard to the American Civil War. This was done on May 13. The declaration was immediately protested by the American ambassador, Charles Francis Adams, as it conveyed a recognition of belligerency. This afforded Confederate ships the same privileges given American ships in neutral ports and was seen as the first step toward diplomatic recognition. Though the British communicated with the Confederates through back channels during the summer, Russell rebuffed Yanceys request for a meeting shortly after the Southern victory at the First Battle of Bull Run. Writing on August 24, Russell informed him that the British government considered the conflict an internal matter and that its position would not alter unless battlefield developments or a move towards a peaceful settlement required it to change. Frustrated by a lack of progress, Davis decided to send two new commissioners to Britain. Trent Affair - Mason Slidell: For the mission, Davis chose James Mason, a former chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and John Slidell, who had served as an American negotiator during the Mexican-American War. The two men were to emphasize the Confederacys strengthened position and the potential commercial benefits of trade between Britain, France, and the South. Traveling to Charleston, SC, Mason and Slidell intended to embark aboard CSS Nashville (2 guns) for the voyage to Britain. As Nashville appeared unable to evade the Union blockade, they instead boarded the smaller steamer Theodora. Using side channels, the steamer was able to evade the Union ships and arrived at Nassau, Bahamas. Finding they had missed their connection to St. Thomas, where they had planned to board a ship for Britain, the commissioners elected to travel to Cuba with the hope of catching a British mail packet. Forced to wait three weeks, they finally boarded the paddle steamer RMS Trent. Aware of the Confederate mission, Union Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles directed Flag Officer Samuel Du Pont to send a warship in pursuit of Nashville, which ultimately did sail, with goal of intercepting Mason and Slidell. Trent Affair - Wilkes Takes Action: On October 13, USS San Jacinto (6) arrived at St. Thomas after a patrol in African waters. Though under orders to head north for an attack against Port Royal, SC, its commander, Captain Charles Wilkes, elected to sail for Cienfuegos, Cuba after learning that CSS Sumter (5) was in the area. Arriving off Cuba, Wilkes learned that Mason and Slidell would be sailing aboard Trent on November 7. Though a well-known explorer, Wilkes had a reputation for insubordination and impulsive action. Seeing an opportunity, he took San Jacinto to the Bahama Channel with the goal of intercepting Trent. Discussing the legality of stopping the British ship, Wilkes and his executive officer, Lieutenant Donald Fairfax, consulted legal references and decided that Mason and Slidell could be considered contraband which would allow their removal from a neutral ship. On November 8, Trent was spotted and was brought to after San Jacinto fired two warning shots. Boarding the British ship, Fairfax had orders to remove Slidell, Mason, and their secretaries, as well as to take possession of Trent as a prize. Though he sent the Confederate agents across to San Jacinto, Fairfax convinced Wilkes not to make a prize of Trent. Somewhat uncertain of the legality of their actions, Fairfax reached this conclusion as San Jacinto lacked sufficient sailors to provide a prize crew and he did not wish to inconvenience the other passengers. Unfortunately, international law required that any ship carrying contraband be brought to port for adjudication. Departing the scene, Wilkes sailed for Hampton Roads. Arriving he received orders to take Mason and Slidell to Fort Warren in Boston, MA. Delivering the prisoners, Wilkes was hailed as a hero and banquets were given in his honor. Trent Affair - International Reaction: Though Wilkes was feted and initially praised by leaders in Washington, some questioned the legality of his actions. Welles was pleased with the capture, but expressed concern that Trent was not brought to a prize court. As November passed, many in the North began to realize that Wilkes actions may have been excessive and lacked legal precedent. Others commented that Mason and Slidells removal was similar to the impressment practiced by the Royal Navy which had contributed to War of 1812. As a result, public opinion began to swing towards releasing the men in order to avoid trouble with Britain. News of the Trent Affair reached London on November 27 and immediately incited public outrage. Angered, the government of Lord Palmerston viewed the incident as a violation of maritime law. As a possible war loomed between the United States and Britain, Adams and Secretary of State William Seward worked with Russell to diffuse the crisis with the former clearly stating that Wilkes acted without orders. Demanding the release of the Confederate commissioners and an apology, the British began reinforcing their military position in Canada. Meeting with his cabinet on December 25, President Abraham Lincoln listened as Seward outlined a possible solution which would appease the British but also preserve support at home. Seward stated that while stopping Trent had been consistent with international law, the failure to take it port was a severe error on the part of Wilkes. As such, the Confederates should be released â€Å"to do to the British nation just what we have always insisted all nations ought to do to us.† This position was accepted by Lincoln and two days later was presented to the British ambassador, Lord Lyons. Though Sewards statement offered no apology, it was viewed favorably in London and the crisis passed. Trent Affair - Aftermath: Released from Fort Warren, Mason, Slidell, and their secretaries embarked aboard HMS Rinaldo (17) for St. Thomas before traveling on to Britain. Though viewed as a diplomatic victory by the British, the Trent Affair showed American resolve to defend itself while also complying with international law. The crisis also worked to slow the European drive to offer the Confederacy diplomatic recognition. Though the threat of recognition and international intervention continued to loom through 1862, it receded following the Battle of Antietam and Emancipation Proclamation. With the focus of the war shifted to eliminating slavery, European nations were less enthusiastic about establishing an official connection with the South. Selected Sources US State Department: Trent AffairCivil War: The Trent Affair Library of Congress: Trent Affair

The Lord of the Rings Essays

The Lord of the Rings Essays The Lord of the Rings Essay The Lord of the Rings Essay Essay Topic: The Hobbit The Hunger Games Throughout The Hobbit there are several different themes. The main theme in The Hobbit is to always face your fears. Bilbo faces his fears many times during the adventure. That is the main theme because Bilbo and other hobbit are known to not like adventures, or do anything unusual. In the beginning, Bilbo was afraid to even go on the adventure, but by going on the adventure he faced many of his fears. He thinks about not doing many things during the adventure, but yet he faces his fears by doing those things. As they go on he does many things no one would ever expect a obit to do. The setting of The Hobbit is Middle Earth, Well, I should say that you ought to go East and have a look around. After all there is a side-door, and dragons must sleep sometimes, I suppose. (Tolkien, 25). This relates because it describes what Middle Earth is like. The conflict that occurs in this book, is man v. s. Supernatural. An example of that occurring is, He hated dragons and their cruel wickedness, and he grieved to remember the ruin of the town of Dale and its merry bells, and the burn banks of the bright river running. (Tolkien, 50). This quote relates to the theme because it shows what fear Bilbo has to face during the adventure. The plot of The Hobbit is for the dwarves to get their lost treasure back to them. An example of that is, Bilbo knew, of course, that the riddle-game was sacred and of Immense antiquity, and even wicked creatures were afraid to cheat when they played it. (Tolkien, 50). This quote relates because it describes some fears Bilbo had to face to get back their treasure and to get the mountain back. The theme of The Hobbit Is similar to my life In a couple ways. By facing fears, I am rowing, becoming stronger, and living life everyday. By facing fears you also gain courage in many ways. Gaining courage and facing fears makes you a lot stronger, and also gives you more self respect. If you face fears you will not only be facing fears, but also gaining self respect. The theme of facing your fears Is also shown In more contemporary writings, for example In The Hunger Games. In The Hunger Games, Catkins faces many of her fears and makes herself stronger many times. For example, when she first enters the Hunger Games, she has many fears, but once she test used to things she becomes stronger. There are many other stories that use the theme of facing your fears. Hobbit By cheerleader 5 The setting of The Hobbit is Middle Earth, Well, I should say that you ought to go is, Bilbo knew, of course, that the riddle-game was sacred and of immense antiquity, The theme of The Hobbit is similar to my life in a couple ways. By facing fears, I am fears, but also gaining self respect. The theme of facing your fears is also shown in more contemporary writings, for example in The Hunger Games.

THE MACHINE AGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE MACHINE AGE - Essay Example He is quoted as saying he would not do it again, that the transplant destroyed his quality of life. A $125,000 dollar settlement was given to his wife in 2003 by AbioCor Corporation based on deceit by hospital patient advocates who had encouraged the procedure while actually working for AbioCor. AbioCor was denied FDA approval to sell the heart to extend life. African Americans represent a large number of medical test subjects, even though they are the minority of the population in the US—and they are even less likely to be able to afford expensive procedures tested on them. Historically, African American women were used as test subjects. Consent forms are required for medical testing, and participants can quit any time. With tests like artificial hearts, however, quitting means dying. AbioCor went a step further and request to be able to test on unconscious subjects that had never given consent. This has been done with PolyHeme artificial blood, but never with a life-threaten ing procedure like an experimental heart transplant. African Americans are 20% less likely to select to participate in â€Å"health proxy† treatments like these, therefore giving the artificial heart without consent would affect African Americans more, making it unjust. Three Big Points (Summary of the Summary, non-essay form, per your request). 1.

Manage Factoring and invoice Discounting Agreements Assignment

Manage Factoring and invoice Discounting Agreements - Assignment Example With the (personal property security act) PPSA, there could be an interest in the assurance of ABC PTY Company to pay Azure PTY Company in the supplies it made to them. In addition, that could be like an interest in the trade registrar for the supplies that could be paid for by the ABC PTY Company although there were delays in the government agency to offer the invoice payment in time. Incase the collateral is transferred, the first company to have the financial statement (Factorific) will take the position of the collateral of ABC PTY Company and it will have the first priority. For the creditors in the company whose credit has been solved the priority is given to the first holder of the interest then followed by the holder of the second interest. For the people who purchase negotiable instruments, chattel paper and negotiable documents the priority will first on the purchaser’s interest to have the priority in relation to the security interest in the goods and services negotiated. For the execution creditors, they always have the first chance to have the interest than the unperfected interests. This is only excepted when the same collateral has no the perfect time which subsection does not cover. If ABC PTY Company follows the right procedure and use the right security agency the issue will be solves and the business between ABC PTY Company and Azure PTY Company will be

Marketing to consumers in saudi arabiawhich facets of their multiple Article

Marketing to consumers in saudi arabiawhich facets of their multiple identities do they use when - Article Example Despite the fact that cross border trade of various entities like people, products, ideas, etc. have resulted in cultures getting mixed up and losing their core identity, yet the foreign element in the home culture has not fully revamped the local culture anywhere in the world; the glimpse of the home culture remains there no matter how much the foreign culture influences it. However, this phenomenon does lead to the outcome that culture is no more a static variable but is dynamic and continues to grow as embedding of culture takes place. This dynamicity and the cross border trade has actually led individuals into behaving differently in a differing set of circumstances or simply put, they tend to portray different culture or cultural identities in different situations. Observations reveal that this is a major issue with immigrants in particular as they face dual challenge; adapt to the local environment and retain their identity. Subsequently, the arising phenomenon leads to the out come that consumers tend to utilize varying facets as they come across different situations. The purpose of this research is to analyze and differentiate between situations and circumstances that make consumer use one of the facets and prefer one over the other defining a varying consumer and consumption pattern. This research is to be conducted in the environment of Saudi Arabia. In particular, this research is aimed at investigating and highlighting the cultural variables that derive the process of marketing communication, perception of quality of service, and choice of consumption in the various categories of products and/or services. Consider the example of a young lady in Saudi Arabia; the first consideration when going out would be towards religious concerns in terms of meat and choice of restaurants. The same lady would definitely move beyond religious considerations when choosing an institute to study, for example. Even when the female goes towards shopping, the consideration and precedence for fashion and societal acceptability might be on the higher side. Similarl y, her attraction to an advertisement may be totally opposite to what her clothing or religion or institute depict her personality to be. Understanding, comprehending and investigating the variables that derive these patterns of choice and consumption is the underlying aim of this research. Saudi Arabia has a different and unique set of characteristics that are associated with its dynamics and other variables. Some of these are listed as below: Firstly, the population constitutes various nationals present, and some of them tend to be influential due to the background or their strength. Secondly, the fact remains that Saudi Arabia is an expatriate driven economy, and the expats there have strong affiliation with their nations as they cannot gain the citizenship status therewith. Thirdly, Saudi Arabia nationals have this tendency of traveling overseas and interacting with individuals from various customs, backgrounds, religions, cultures, norms, etc. Another point of consideration is the tremendous growth that is currently

Creative Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Problem Solving - Essay Example They are much more creative and would solve issues on their own. Category B of employees involves the individuals who face challenges and fairly offer solutions to these challenges. They always involve their fellow employees who they perceive could be having more experiences and expertise than them in finding solutions to their issues. They are less independent and rely on external solutions to some extent. Category C and D employees are hardly different exhibit almost similar characteristics as far as provision of solutions to their challenges. They have a habit of avoiding the challenges altogether. They would rather not face the challenges; instead they leave them to other stakeholders in the system. ____10_____ C. Assume other challenges and pretend as though nothing wrong has occurred in the system. They tend to be less concern and seem to expect others to be responsible in solving the challenges. The results indicate that half of all the employees have the capacity to face the challenges and provide solutions on their own. Thirty percent face the issues that come before them but would rather engage other individuals in the solving of these problems. Twenty percent of these individuals would either assume the challenges or avoid them completely. The paper under study is ‘conceptualizing assessment for employee performance in terms of problem solution’ and what the strategic managers think about this trend. In the recent past, there has been an increased number of strategic managers that have relied on this assessment style as a creative way to evaluating a larger number of employees as compared to the old style of evaluation. An analytical study conducted reveals that the growth of creative management practices has been captivated by the adoption of other systems of management. Creative skills can be improved through the training to expand the ways of categorizing the various events and

Composition Analysis. Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus Research Paper

Composition Analysis. Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus - Research Paper Example He spent the last forty-nine years of his life in England, which at that time was a prosperous nation and the environment was conducive to freewheeling genius as himself. He was a very successful composer. But by 1730s, both emotional and physical exhaustion took over Handel and he started concentrating on composing Sacred Oratorios. They were easier to deal with unlike Operas, which dealt with large, elaborate and expensive sets and extremely moody and unpredictable actors. The fact remains that Handel’s most famous compositions are his Oratorios. â€Å"Messiah† was composed at an astounding pace, between three and four weeks during August and September 1741. It was originally intended to be presented during the Easter of 1742. The libretto is by Charles Jennens and is drawn from King James’ Bible. It interprets the Christian doctrine of the Messiah or the Savior. Handel was disappointed with the cold reception of his previous work by the audience of London. Pro bably this is one reason behind premiering it in Dublin on 13th April, 1742. In fact he was skeptical about the reception of the Oratorio by the audience. His earlier pieces were always bonded by a strong plot and clear narrative. â€Å"Messiah† on the other hand was very loosely bound. ... He described them as: â€Å"Part One: The prophecy and realization of God’s plan to redeem mankind by the coming of the Messiah. Part Two: The accomplishment of redemption by the sacrifice of Jesus, mankind’s rejection of God’s offer, and mankind’s utter defeat when trying to oppose the power of the Almighty. Part Three: A Hymn of Thanksgiving for the final overthrow of Death.† The ‘Hallelujah’ chorus comes during the ending portion of the second part of the composition. It has a feeling of a man’s realization of coming of Christ and permeates an atmosphere of holiness when the whole chorus sings out together in magnificent homophony. The lyrics are: Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! For the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth. Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! The kingdom of t his world Is become the kingdom of our Lord, And of His Christ, and of His Christ; And He shall reign for ever and ever, For ever and ever, forever and ever, King of kings, and Lord of lords, King of kings, and Lord of lords, And Lord of lords, And He shall reign, And He shall reign forever and ever, King of kings, forever and ever, And Lord of lords, Hallelujah! Hallelujah! And He shall reign forever and ever, King of kings! and Lord of lords! And He shall reign forever and ever, King of kings! and Lord of lords! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! The composer has chosen this chorus to be a high point in his composition. Thus it is richly orchestrated. It contains a continuo, lower and upper strings, trumpet and percussion in addition to the constant use of soprano, alto, tenor and bass. The

Creative Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Problem Solving - Essay Example They are much more creative and would solve issues on their own. Category B of employees involves the individuals who face challenges and fairly offer solutions to these challenges. They always involve their fellow employees who they perceive could be having more experiences and expertise than them in finding solutions to their issues. They are less independent and rely on external solutions to some extent. Category C and D employees are hardly different exhibit almost similar characteristics as far as provision of solutions to their challenges. They have a habit of avoiding the challenges altogether. They would rather not face the challenges; instead they leave them to other stakeholders in the system. ____10_____ C. Assume other challenges and pretend as though nothing wrong has occurred in the system. They tend to be less concern and seem to expect others to be responsible in solving the challenges. The results indicate that half of all the employees have the capacity to face the challenges and provide solutions on their own. Thirty percent face the issues that come before them but would rather engage other individuals in the solving of these problems. Twenty percent of these individuals would either assume the challenges or avoid them completely. The paper under study is ‘conceptualizing assessment for employee performance in terms of problem solution’ and what the strategic managers think about this trend. In the recent past, there has been an increased number of strategic managers that have relied on this assessment style as a creative way to evaluating a larger number of employees as compared to the old style of evaluation. An analytical study conducted reveals that the growth of creative management practices has been captivated by the adoption of other systems of management. Creative skills can be improved through the training to expand the ways of categorizing the various events and

Media Portrayal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Portrayal - Essay Example This essay discusse the connections between modern information, communication and the individuals with disabilities issue. Today, people can get information from various sources, that is mostly may be accessed with the help of mass media. Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience. It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks and of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. Unfortunately individuals with disabilities to a great extend are limited by not being able to make use of such opportunities. Access to communications and information can be available through many sources such as: newspapers, magazines, television programs, and movies, Internet etc. Depending on the type of disability i.e. deafness, blindness, and so on the individuals with disabilities are limited having no access to appropriate source of the information. This essay raises the question o f vital importance for the international community today, that is to create and promote approaches and technologies that will allow everyone including individuals with disabilities to get, to utilize, to exchange and to create information and knowledge. The researcher focuses on introducing the topic and analyzes in details many examples of mass-media articles, movies and tv-shows related to the individuals with disabilities issue. Some examples that were mentioned in the essay: Touch the Sound, Zatoichi, Be with me movies, etc.

America & Germany Essay Example for Free

America Germany Essay America never wanted to participate in World War 1, in fact in August 1914 when the war broke out in Europe; President Woodrow Wilson issued a declaration of neutrality. Preferring to remain isolated from the war, America tried to broker peace between the allies and the axis, the war was in Europe; America did not need to get involved. On May 7th 1915, German U-boats, patrolling in the Atlantic Ocean, fired torpedos at the British passenger ship Lusitania sinking her in 20 minutes. 128 Americans were killed. Woodrow Wilson, demanded that Germany stop attacking passenger ships, and declared that America was too proud to fight. Wilson also tried to mediate a compromise settlement but failed. He also repeatedly warned that America would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, as it was in violation to American ideas of human rights. Wilson was under great pressure from former president Theodore Roosevelt, who denounced German piracy and Wilsons cowardice. In January 1917, Germany announced it would destroy all ships heading to Britain. Although Wilson broke off diplomatic ties with Germany, he still hoped to avert war by arming merchant vessels as a deterrent. Nevertheless, Germany began sinking American ships immediately. On February 1917, British intelligence gave the United States government a decoded telegram from Germanys foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman that had been intercepted en route to his ambassador to Mexico. The Zimmerman Telegram authorized the ambassador to offer Mexico the portions of the Southwest it had lost to the United States in the 1840s if it joined the Central Powers. However, because Wilson had run for re-election in 1916 on a very popular promise to keep the United States out of the European war, he had to handle the telegram very carefully. Wilson did not publicize it at first, only releasing the message to the press in March after weeks of German attacks on American ships had turned public sentiment toward joining the Allies. Later, on 2 April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war and four days later all but six senators and fifty representatives voted for a war resolution. The Selective Service Act that was passed the following month, along with an extraordinary number of volunteers, built up the army from less than 250,000 to four million over the course of the conflict. General John Pershing was appointed head of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) and led the first troops to France Then, on April 6th 1917, America declared war on Germany.

The Usefulness Of Financial Statements To Stakeholders

The Usefulness Of Financial Statements To Stakeholders Introduction: Finance for managers is very important subject for businesses. All stakeholders must have to know about it. Because it helps their businesses to run properly and make profit. Finance for managers helps people to know about the purposes and requirements for keeping financial records, what are the techniques for recording financial information, what are the legal and organisational requirements of financial recording, the usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders, what is the difference between management and financial accounting, the budgetary control process and so on. It also helps people how working capital can be effectively managed, how calculate and interpret variances from budget, how to evaluate business project, how business organizations can effectively manage working capital etc. Businesses are mainly depend on finance, managers and budget etc. So if people want to start business they have to know about finance for managers. It helps them to learn some most important things about business. Thats are: what are the legal responsibilities, how to keep financial record, how to control finance, how to control budget, what are the costing and pricing, what are the financial statements, project appraisal methods, usefulness of financial stakeholders etc. Evaluate the purpose and requirements for keeping financial records: In business there are many purposes and requirements for keeping financial records among of those this three are mainly important. Thats are: Legal requirements: It means when people start businesses they need to follow business rules, laws and regulations to run their businesses. Almost every business has some form of legal ruling. Particular forms, licences and other documentations is field with state and local government offices in order to begin. And these documentations may be tax forms, shareholders and payments etc. Without this documentation you may given up from opening. Tax requirements: In every business people must have to pay tax and this tax depends on business structure its called tax requirement. This tax also sometimes depends on business profit, business types, and business quality and so on. Internal control requirements: Internal controls are policies, procedures and mechanisms used to decline business risk. In order to check employees and member from committing a dishonest act the control must be via and wide. It helps business to run properly and to achieve business goals and also help to make good relationship between all business staffs. Analyses the techniques for recording financial information. Analyses the legal and organisational requirements of financial recording: Financial recording is a process and procedure that is used by an organisation to control finance and accountability. This process and procedure include recording, verification and timely reporting of transactions that affect revenues, expenditures, assets, and liabilities. To develop business and making profit accountants have to keep financial records or information. There are some techniques for recording financial information that are given below: Double entry book keeping: It is an account technique which records each transaction as a credit and a debit. Day books and ledgers: A book with an account of sales and purchases made each day is called day books. For example: sales day books, sale return day books etc. On the other hand ledger is an accounting book of final entry where transactions are listed in different accounts. For instance: sales ledger, purchase ledger and general ledger etc. The trail balance: It is totalling of debit balance and credit balance to make sure that total debits equal total credits. From the trail balance figure end of the year an organization can make balance sheet of the business to show the financial position at a particular moment in time. Manual and computerised systems: Manual systems means those transactions are enter manually in business. It is a risky system for business because there are many chances to make mistakes. On the other hand those transactions are enter by computer is called computerised system. It is a very safety system and never makes mistakes. Nowadays most business systems are computerised systems. Because it can also keep more records than manual system. In business there are some requirements for financial reporting and these financial reporting requirements are for sole traders, partnerships, limited companies and public limited companies etc. Financial reports are the documents and records that how much money your business is making or not or how much money your business have to pay or how much money your business already paid etc. Basically it is the documents of money transaction of all purposes that where your business invest money. There are different types of financial reports or statements. These financial statements can be cash flow statement its a summary of the actual incomings and outgoings of cash in a firm over an accounting period (month, quarter, year), it can be also profit and loss account it shows your business that how much money is your profit or loss. And the final statement is called balanced sheet. It focuses on what asset the entity owns, how it paid for them, how much profit or loss etc. This statement is p repared at the end of the year. The purpose of financial reporting is to deliver this information to the lenders and shareowners (the stakeholders) of your business. Because in business we have mainly two types of stakeholders thats: internal and external. Internal means those stakeholders are dwell inside the company for examples: managers, employees, board members etc. On the other hand those stakeholders are not directly a part of a company is called external stakeholders for examples: shareholders, customers, suppliers etc. Financial reporting must be part of the essential contract between you and them. Your lenders and investors have the right to know if their money is being spent wisely and returning a profit. Besides these the usefulness of financial statements are that: by doing this stakeholders can know that how much is their profit and loss, how do assets stack up against liabilities, where did the business get its capital, and how is it making good use of the money, what s the  cash  flow  from the profit or loss for the period, did the business reinvest all its profit, does the business have enough capital for future growth and so on. Evaluates the usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders: In business there are two types of stakeholders thats: internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders mean those stakeholders are dwell inside the company for examples: managers, employees, board members etc. On the other hand those stakeholders are not directly a part of a company is called external stakeholders for examples: shareholders, customers, suppliers etc. All shareholders want to see the use of their investment and thus asses the management through the financial statements. Because financial statements are very useful for businesses. The usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders is given below thats are: how much is the profit and loss in their business how much money the invest how do assets stack up against liabilities where did the business get its capital how is it making good use of the money What is the  cash  flow  from the profit or loss for the period did the business reinvest all its profit how much is their costs how much money they paid Does the business have enough capital for future growth etc. Explains the difference between management and financial accounting: Financial accounting is concerned with financial transaction and statements that have already taken place. It is a gathering of information about business transactions. For example: profit and loss. These processes are controlled by finance manager. On the other hand management accounting is concerned with providing management of an organisation with recommendations based on accounting information, in order to help in making day to day decisions and in longer term planning. These processes are controlled by management manager. Financial accounting and management accounting provide information into two different user groups. Financial accounting primarily provides information for external users of accounting data, such as investors and creditors. On the other hand, management accounting provides information for internal users of accounting data. Internal users include employees, managers, and executives of the company. Financial accounting is reporting on historical information. The i nformation is reported regularly. It is often broken down into monthly, quarterly, and annual reporting periods. On the contrary, management accounting information is reported continually. Internal users need to evaluate past, present, and potential future information in order to make decisions. Therefore, these users continuously need information in order to make the appropriate decisions. These two accounts are very important for a business. Without these two businesses cannot run properly or cannot make profit. So always try to keep proper account of these two accounting sector. 5 Explain the budgetary control process: To make effective decisions and coordinate the decisions and actions of the various departments according to the capital is called budget. Because every business have a limited budget so it is necessary to control budget. There are many types of budget in businesses such as: advertising budget, purchasing budget, sales budget, cash budget, development budget etc. There are some process to control budget thats are: Good communication and good coordination between departments and authorities can control budget. Besides this well planning helps managers to decide the most effective ways for controlling budget. On the other hand cash flow forecasts are also helpful to control budget. It shows if a firm needs to borrow, how much, when and how it will repay the loan. However evaluation can control budget. Because it means a manager is to compare the budget with actual performance by each person sector. In here control action is also related. Without budgetary plan running a company is difficult. Budget is also important for management. Because managements are also depends on budget and every departments have its own budget. Among them zero based budgeting can control budget because it is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Its starts from a zero based and every function within an organisation is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budget is then built aro und what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one. Another important process is incremental budgeting. It forecast fixed overhead costs, computed by adding or subtracting a predetermined percentage from the historical costs. There are also some advantages and disadvantages of the budgetary control system. Thats are: It enables the management of a business concern to conduct its business activities in the efficient manner. It provides a yardstick for measuring and evaluating the performance of individuals and their departments. It reveals the deviations to management, from the budgeted figures after making a comparison with actual figure. Effective utilization of various resources like men, material, machinery and money is made possible, as the production is planned after taking them into account. It helps in the review of current trends and framing of future policies. It creates suitable conditions for the implementation of standard costing system in a business organization. It inculcates the feeling of cost consciousness among workers. Budgets may or may not be true, as they are based on estimates. The assumptions about future events may or may not actually happen. Rigidity: Budgets are considered as rigid document. Too much emphasis on budgets may affect day-to-day operations and ignores the dynamic state of organizational functioning. False Sense of Security: Mere budgeting cannot lead to profitability. Budgets cannot be executed automatically. It may create a false sense of security that everything has been taken care of in the budgets. Lack of coordination: Staff cooperation is usually not available during Budgetary Control exercise. Time and Cost: The introduction and implementation of the system may be expensive. Evaluates the use of different costing methods used for pricing purposes: In business there are different types of costs. For pricing purposes industries need to classify there costs. For example: direct costs, indirect costs, fixed costs etc. Each of these costs has separate unit. For pricing and costing a business must calculate unit cost to make sure how much are their costs. Then they have to deal with over heads thats are: raw materials, utility, rents etc. After that they have to make sure about pricing but it is depends on the firms average costs and on the customers opinion of a product value. For pricing purposes some important costs have to be calculated, such as: cost plus, marginal cost, price taker etc. In here they have to identify that which contractor is paid for the costs incurred and is paid an agreed upon percentage of such costs as contractors profit is called cost plus. Besides this a firm have to calculate marginal costs, its allocates only variable costs i.e. direct materials, direct labour and other direct expenses and variable over heads to the production. It does not take into account the fixed cost of production. This type of costing emphasizes the distinction between fixed and variable costs. However most investors are price takers as their actions in selling and buying stocks isnt enough to change the price. Also note that a company can be regarded as a price taker if the price sets and quantity of the goods it produces doesnt have any influence on the actual market price, so forcing the company to go with the market price. Any individual consumer is also considered to be a price taker; this is because the purchase made doesnt affect the price a company sets for its products. There is also an important costing method that is break even it means neither a profit nor loss has been gained, this can be seen after balancing the costs. Conclusion: We can learn a lot of about Business by reading finance for managers. Business is everywhere in the world, it help us to know about the purposes and requirements for keeping financial records, what are the techniques for recording financial information, what are the legal and organisational requirements of financial recording, the usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders, what is the difference between management and financial accounting, the budgetary control process and so on. It also helps people how working capital can be effectively managed, how calculate and interpret variances from budget, how to evaluate business project, how business organizations can effectively manage working capital etc. Its also help u to know what are the legal responsibilities, how to keep financial record, how to control finance, how to control budget, what are the costing and pricing, what are the financial statements, project appraisal methods, usefulness of financial stakeholders etc. From our point of view the most important aspects are finance, budget, stakeholders etc. Failure and success of a business fully depends on theses aspects. There also varies minor aspects to consider also as well, these are also vital to grow your business and gain profits. To grow your business you have look into ways on increasing the amount of sales, both to existing customers and new customers, improving your products and services by researching and testing changes with your customers. Furthermore, developing new products and services, and selling them to new or existing markets, also taking on staff or training your current staff includes working with apprentices and mentors. Lastly you can look for additional sources of funding, such as binging in new investors. To know about businesses very well people have to know about finance for managers because all these things are related here. So it is necessary to learn finance for mangers because it helps quite a lot for businesses.

The Search for Self and Identity in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road :: On The Road essays

Quest for Identity in On the Road In Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road, the author tries to convey to the audience that everybody is naturally dishonest and morally deceitful. Morals are defined by one's religion, the laws of the country, or some combination of the two. One's identity captures and plays out that individual’s moral. My morals follow the Christian beliefs, Texas state laws, and the laws of the United States. Although one's own morals can change, basic things such as stealing and murder are wrong and illegal by federal law. Numerous characters performed many acts proving this point such as Montana Slim, who says in order to get money, follow a man down an alley and rob him, or Dean, who never feels remorse for beating Mary Lou after a fight. These along with other characters display such actions that show that everyone is morally deceitful. In Part 1, Chapter 4, Sal tells Montana Slim that he only has enough money to buy some whiskey. Slim says to Sal, "I know where you can get some." "Where?" "Anywhere. You can always folly a man down an alley, can't you? ...I ain't beyond doing it when I really need some dough." (27) At this early point in the novel, Sal is still figuring out who he is and what life is like on the road. He seems like a young naive schoolboy being bullied by an older, wiser kid. Slim knows what he is talking about because he has been on the road for some time now. He has probably robbed quite a few people throughout his experience on the road. This act is, by law, wrong and dishonest. In Part 2, chapter 6, while Dean, Mary Lou, Ed Dunkel, and Sal stopped at a gas station on the way to New Orleans, Dunkel casually steals three packs of cigarettes. The way the narrator says it is that he stole them without even trying. He then justifies it by saying that they were fresh out (139). The language used is just so "non-chalant," as if stealing was no big deal. Stealing, like robbing, is illegal and morally wrong. The part that is most disturbing is that Dunkel feels that stealing cigarettes is okay, that it is necessary for survival just like food or water. Stealing food or water in order to survive can be justified, but not cigarettes.

The Neurologist :: Neurology Brain Medical Essays

The Neurologist Language is a vital part of both verbal and non-verbal communication. Each of us uses language everyday in a variety of ways. When our language skills are in jeopardy, it can affect our entire lives. The consequences of a loss of language can be more restricting then that of loss of sight or hearing. Communication is a matter of survival and independence, without it ones life will change drastically. There is almost complete agreement that there are four main language areas in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people. Two of these areas are considered receptive while the other two carry out the actual task. These two receptive areas take on very different tasks, one involving the perception of written language and the other of spoken language. The area that helps to regulate written language is located in the angular gyrus, while the other occupies the Heschl’s gyri. Although language and speech are usually considered synonymous functions, this is not the case in all aspects of their roles. Unlike an impairment of speech, language impairment always occurs due to an abnormality of the cerebral hemisphere. Speech on the other hand may be effected by the same sort of abnormality but it also can be effected by damage to other parts of the brain. Loss of communication and language can be a result of damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. The type of language loss is dependent of what specific area of the temporal lobe has been damaged. Possible types of damage to the brain can be a lesion or a tumor. It is the job of the neurologist to locate the area of damage and to assess the level of impairment. Neurologist use a variety of test to asses the possible damage to the brain or spinal cord including CAT scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and a wide variety of functional, skill assessments. One of the most popular verbal memory assessments used in the field is the Wechsler Memory Scale, the most recently revised version has been a useful tool for neurologist to determine severity and location of the temporal damage. One of the first signs of a lesion to the temporal lobe is The Neurologist :: Neurology Brain Medical Essays The Neurologist Language is a vital part of both verbal and non-verbal communication. Each of us uses language everyday in a variety of ways. When our language skills are in jeopardy, it can affect our entire lives. The consequences of a loss of language can be more restricting then that of loss of sight or hearing. Communication is a matter of survival and independence, without it ones life will change drastically. There is almost complete agreement that there are four main language areas in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people. Two of these areas are considered receptive while the other two carry out the actual task. These two receptive areas take on very different tasks, one involving the perception of written language and the other of spoken language. The area that helps to regulate written language is located in the angular gyrus, while the other occupies the Heschl’s gyri. Although language and speech are usually considered synonymous functions, this is not the case in all aspects of their roles. Unlike an impairment of speech, language impairment always occurs due to an abnormality of the cerebral hemisphere. Speech on the other hand may be effected by the same sort of abnormality but it also can be effected by damage to other parts of the brain. Loss of communication and language can be a result of damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. The type of language loss is dependent of what specific area of the temporal lobe has been damaged. Possible types of damage to the brain can be a lesion or a tumor. It is the job of the neurologist to locate the area of damage and to assess the level of impairment. Neurologist use a variety of test to asses the possible damage to the brain or spinal cord including CAT scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and a wide variety of functional, skill assessments. One of the most popular verbal memory assessments used in the field is the Wechsler Memory Scale, the most recently revised version has been a useful tool for neurologist to determine severity and location of the temporal damage. One of the first signs of a lesion to the temporal lobe is

Should the Drinking Age Stay the Same

Madelene Radillo Enc 1101/ Research Paper Prof. John Colagrande Many people use alcohol to â€Å"loosen themselves up† in anticipation of having sex with a new partner. It is a commonly held a belief that alcohol is an aphrodisiac. Since drinking alcohol can make people feel more comfortable engaging in sex it can lead to a one night stand, and a handful of sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually active teens and young adults have unprotected sex because they are under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol can make anyone become more sexual and do things that were not planned, which is a leading factor in teenage pregnancy. It is estimated that teenage girls who binge drink are up to 63 percent more likely to become pregnant. Another problem with drinking too much alcohol is that it can cause a blackout which may lead to a date rape. The victim has no recognition of what is going on in their surroundings and may go along with any scheme. As of April 2008 â€Å"more than 97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape each year. Also, among university students â€Å"over one-half of all sexual assaults are committed by men who have been drinking alcohol, while approximately 50% of victims also report alcohol use at the time of the assault† (www. collegedrinkingprevention. gov) Even with the drinking age being 21, there is a target market made to promote underage drinking. People tend to argue that if men and women are old enough to fight for their country then they should be old enough to drink. This may be true, but an 18 or 19 year old who has joined the military and been broken down, trained, and rebuilt almost always comes back different then when they came in. They are taught structure and discipline; two key factors that may be lacking in a regular civilian. Unfortunately, teens in today’s social environment tend to think that they are invincible and will do just about anything in order to fit in. The problem seems to be in their lack of guidance and or experience. Nowadays, children tend to find their morals in reality television shows and music videos, rather than in structured social environments (i. e. school, home, church etc. ). Teens and young adults (college students) are not ready to handle the responsibility that drinking entails or the repercussions that follow when too many drinks are put into the wrong hands. Lowering the drinking age will only add to the problem.

Photography Analysis Year

This image by Sarah Ann Loretta can be described as a woman slowly drowning g in water . What makes this image stand out is the atmosphere that is being portrayed in it. It's a moody and dark atmosphere that creates the massive impact in the image. There are 3 factors that create the mood. The expression on the woman's face, the lighting and droplets of rain within the image. The photograph has a low depth of field as it is only focusing on the woman's face.It was taken in landscape format to show the length of the woman's body and this was a v ere good effect as it enhances the atmosphere within the image. This was done by creating a liar GE amount of space around the model and giving the photograph a moody and lonely ape arrange. Keeping the position of the model in the centre it creates the mood that nothing is are undo her which sustains the mood of the photograph. The colors of the photograph is mixed between whites,greens and blacks. Tit the background on the photograph being very dark and murky, Loretta enlarges the mood of the photograph by contrasting the model's clothe Eng to an innocent white, and with the model's serious expression with big, deep almost sorrows LU eyes has brought the image together. HTTPS://www. Licker. Com/photos/laurelling/8637194920/ This is a photograph by Laura Galena and it's called â€Å"facing it calmly†. The pH autograph shows a woman in a red dress walking through a dull forest.This image stands out du e to the contrasting colors between the bright red color of the woman's dress and the dull brow won colors. The photograph is taken in landscape format to accentuate the size of the backer mound which creates a mood towards the photograph. It has a high depth of field showing the ammo unit Of detail around the whole image. Candela used natural light to show the contrasting red dress .

Communicating Effectively in Cross Cultural Communications Speech or Presentation

Communicating Effectively in Cross Cultural Communications - Speech or Presentation Example 2. Perceptions of effective communication differ among individuals with different cultural backgrounds. Tominaga et al. (2003) investigated perceptions of effective communication in the United States and Japan. Their qualitative research found differing themes for the perception of effectiveness in the United States and Japan. Conclusion In general, researchers accept and utilize the notion that competence involves dimensions of effectiveness and appropriateness such as interpersonal skills, knowledge and motivation. However, several Japanese researchers point out that there is a Western bias in competence research. Their research found differing themes for the perception of effectiveness in the United States and Japan Communicating Effectively in Cross Cultural Communications Introduction Effectiveness in communication is considered as an important component of communication competence (e.g., Gudykunst, 1993). Competent communicators make use of interpersonal skills, knowledge and m otivation. However, individuals' cultural backgrounds influence the ways they communicate and their perceptions of competence (Gudykunst, 1993). Perceptions of effective communication also differ among individuals with different cultural backgrounds. ... ssfully accomplish his [or her] own interpersonal goals†¦ while maintaining the face and line of his [or her] fellow interactants within the constraints of the situation" (p. 198). He (1977) proposes two underlying assumptions of competence: cognition and judgment. Each individual possesses cognitive notions about the nature of competence, and it is these cognitive notions that shape impressions of others' behavior (Wiemann, 1977). Moreover, these impressions become a basis for judgment of others and the individuals themselves. In other words, whether an individual is a competent communicator is based on his or her cognition of competence. Spitzberg and Cupach (2002) suggest that competent communicators provide definitions of competent communication. Competent communicators make use of interpersonal skills, knowledge and motivation. Interpersonal skills refer to recurrent goal-oriented behaviors, behavioral patterns, and sequences of behavior that are appropriate to an interacti onal context. There are two types of knowledge: content knowledge and procedural knowledge (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2002). Content knowledge refers to information about relational partners, topics of conversation, social contexts, regulation of language, and regulation of conversation (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2002). Procedural knowledge refers to information on processes of an interaction, such as how to formulate goals and how to solve problems during an interaction. Motivation is defined as "the affective force that energizes performance and guides a person's approach avoidance orientation to a social situation" (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2002, p. 575). Interpersonal skills, knowledge and motivation play an important role in that these three concepts contribute to developing competent communication

Pick an environmental issue and analyse that issue from within the Research Paper

Pick an environmental issue and analyse that issue from within the framework of at least two of the discourses of environmental - Research Paper Example ound environmental governance. Given the threats of environmental degradation and their potential risks to the survival of mankind, the need for sound governance of the environment is urgent. Cole and Foster reported that â€Å"many observers point to protests by African Americans against a toxic dump in Warren Country, North Carolina, in 1982, as the beginning of the movement.†6 By the word â€Å"movement,† Cole and Foster were referring to the Environmental Justice Movement. Most likely the report is inaccurate because peoples all of the world probably have their own respective histories of struggles for environment justice. Most important, peoples all over the world have their own respective movements for a green economy and society. For example, several authors have been claiming that indigenous peoples have visions of societies that are one with nature, societies that are environment-friendly, societies that are green. Environmental racism, of course, is a valid co ncern. Cole and Foster have an ample discussion on this point.7 For example, one of the Cole and Foster’s most important discussions on environmental racism revolved on the experience of Chester residents along Delaware River in Philadelphia. In the Cole and Foster narrative, â€Å"Chester is a small enclave of people of color within the predominantly white Delaware County.† 8 According to Cole and Foster, the â€Å"toxic assault† on the people of color of Chester began in the late 1980s in which â€Å"hundreds of truckloads of trash† were being brought to Chester every day.9 In many parts of the world today, a similar situation has been happening. Yet, the victims have been irrespective of color. The common denominator on why many people are living close or within the garbage dumps is that they are poor rather than the color of their skin. Thus, following the Cole and Foster logic and analysis, the participation of people irrespective of their economic s tatus in life in environmental governance is a crucial element towards the realization of Environmental Justice. II. Green Economy It should be emphasized that the assaults that the Cole and Foster struggles have occurred because governance has not been green in the first place. If governance has been green, the issue of environmental justice may not have existed in the first place. Thus, the title of the book Van Jones (with Ariane Conrad) had been appropriately titled, The Green Collar Economy: How One Solution Can Fix Our Two Biggest Problems. If an economy is green then there will be no environmental injustice in the first place. There would be no one from which to exact environmental retribution or justice

Caring for your Local Voluntary Organisation Essay

Caring for your Local Voluntary Organisation - Essay Example Whatever be the source of the funds, all governments today stress the need for efficient Non-governmental bodies to transform the life of the people. In the UK, they form a part of the government's planning process n local administration as well. Today, the role of an NGO is not debated, only their efficiency is. Organisations such as the UN have now shifted their focus from working with governments in the developing world to NGOs who have a massive contact with the people and work with them for consistent local benefits. NGO's impart a huge service to every nation in terms of its socio-economic development while governments in most cases are restricted to setting up the rules and the supporting infrastructure. Voluntary organisations work closely with the people and are more efficient in bringing out any sustainable benefits to the locality in terms of health care and education. Since the NGO draws a large number of volunteers, who are more committed to the cause they are working on , the efficiency levels of these bodies are very much on the higher side - they are more focussed and committed than many governmental organisations. A large number of these volunteers have different educational degrees and are mostly overqualified for their work. The organisation will also have a large pool of ideas to address any particular problem than a body in the public sector. Mostly all voluntary organisations are run by local members of the society and this means that they have more contact with the people and more information about the problems they face. Networking of the LVOs is a much simpler method to achieve social change than very expensive and cumbersome state run mechanisms. While managing Voluntary associations was considered an easy job in the sixties, it has become more complicated today. The governments in various countries have various rules and regulations that govern the formation and functioning of Voluntary Organisations. Besides these, management of Voluntary organisations also have become a task that is highly specialised in nature. They call for management skills and vitality in time management apartment from monitoring and re-orienting the efforts of the volunteers. The local voluntary organisation is a company registered under the companies act as a charity registered under the charities act. This heterogeneity means that it is both a company and a charity organisation. The guarantors of the organisation are the board members of charity. The Companies Act demands that the board is liable to the company and so the guarantors of the Local Voluntary Organisation is also liable to a sum of money that is limited to their memorandum and articles of association. The guarantors comprise the board of directors and form the executive committee. Registration also places the LVO under the Charities Act and hence the regulatory commission has specified that the board of trustees should have no pecuniary interest in the charity and their primary objectives should be only social good. The legal frame works apart, a local voluntary organisation should have a good governance system that will help it deliver the goodies to the masses. This can take

Nursing reading research 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing reading research 3 - Essay Example From the article it is difficult to ascertain the consent rate because the survey was conducted in an 11-bed ICU ward and only seven family members have been involved in the study. There is no indication as to whether all the 11 beds were occupied or not, and if it were fully occupied why there remaining four were not included. In addition it is stated that â€Å"recruitment of participants continued until saturation of the initial data occurred† leaving some gap in target sample size. (Bond, et al, 2003). The mortality rate was above 57% (4 out of 7 participant’s relatives died).This data has much relevance with the research outcome, because the data reinforced the seriousness of severe traumatic brain injury and the extreme need to support families of such patients during the patients’ ICU stay†. The data size was seven family members, with dissimilar relationship, of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Their ages ranged from 41 to 61 years. Since this is a qualitative study the small sample (7 participants) size can provide â€Å"insights about a particular group or patients† and â€Å"can illustrate qualitative findings.† The study was conducted at an eleven-bed neurological ICU in a level I trauma centre. Initial data collection was held in the privacy of a nearby waiting room, and subsequent interviews were conducted either at the hospital or by telephone, at the participant’s convenience. This study was quasi-experimental one aimed to formulate hypothesis for further research and except using inclusion criteria there were no independent variables that have to be controlled, and content analysis was used to identify common themes. Though interview method was the primary instrument of data collection, its variations like personal interview, additional daily interview, telephonic data collection, appropriate follow-up,

Company Analysis of the Financial Performance of White bread Plc Coursework

Company Analysis of the Financial Performance of White bread Plc - Coursework Example These businesses are conducted under the name of several well-known brands like the Premier Inn, the Beefeater Grill, the Brewers Fayre, Table Table, Taybarns and Costa Coffee. The company provides employment to around 40,000 people all over the world. The organization in based in the United Kingdom and constitutes one of the major hospitality brands of the region. It serves over 11 million customers on a monthly basis in UK. Whitbread Plc recorded commendable financial results in the year 20110-11. The company’s total revenues grew by 11.5 per cent from ? 1435 in 2009-10 to ? 1599.6 in 2010-11. The profit before tax recorded a handsome increase of 20.1 per cent from ? 239.1 in 200-10 to 287.1 in 2010-11. The firm also recorded a 17 per cent escalation in its full year dividend. The corresponding dividend increased from 38 in 2009-10 to 44.50 in 2010-11. Thus, overall the Whitbread Group consisting of the Bars, Hotels, restaurants and the Coffee Chains reported a good growth i n its business operations during the financial year 2010-11. Profitability Ratios Profitability Ratios of a company exhibit the firm’s capacity to generate earnings in comparison with its expenditure incurred during a period of time. Usually, an increase in the profitability ratios of a company over a time period indicates a good financial performance of the firm. (Thakuram, 2007, p.48). The Profit Margin: The Profit Margin is defined as the Net Income/Revenues or Net Profits/Sales. This is usually expressed as a percentage and indicates how much the firm retains as earnings out of every dollar of sales The Profit Margin of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: Years Profit before Tax (million) Sales (mn) Profit Margin = Net Profit/Sales (%) 2010-11 ? 287.1 ? 1599.6 17.9% 2009-10 ? 239.1 ? 1434.6 16.7% (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) Therefore, the Profit Margin of Whitbread Plc has increased from 16.7% in 2009-10 to 17.9% i n 2010-11. This shows that the financial performance of the company has improved from the previous year. Return on Assets (ROA): The Return on Assets is calculated by Net Income/Total Assets. This is also expressed as a percentage and gives an idea about the profitability of the company in relation to its total assets. The ROA of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) The figures indicate that Whitbread Plc’s ROA has increased from 0.0009% in 2009-10 to 0.0010% in 2010-11. This shows that the pro0fitablity of the firm has increased from the last year. Efficiency Ratios Efficiency Ratios are utilized to evaluate how efficiently a company is able to make use of its internal assets and liabilities. An improvement of efficiency ratios usually lead to increased profitability for the company. (Leach, 2011, p.75-78) Sales to Inventory Ratio: This is calculated by Annual Net Sales/ Inventory. It provid es an idea about the inventory-to-sales ratio of the company, which can be compared over a period of time. The Sales to Inventory Ratio of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) Therefore, the Sales to Inventory Ratio of Whitbread Plc, has decreased from 0.55 % in 2009-10 to 0.54% in 2010-11. Assets to Sales Ratio: This ratio is given by Total Assets/Net Sales. It provides an indication of how the firm is utilizing its assets to generate sales. The Assets to Sales Ratio of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) Thus, the Assets to Sales Ratio of Whitbread Plc had reduced from 0.018% in 2009-10 to 0.017% in 2010-11. The decline in both the Efficiency

University Change Me in 3 Ways Essay Example for Free

University Change Me in 3 Ways Essay If i could have repeated my life, would it be different when something occurring before is substituted for another event? Probably, many trivial things that did nothing to my values and weltanschauung, which would be forgotten at once or a few days later wouldn’t work. Studying in the university, however, deeply changed my life in 3 principal ways that cultivate me to be better man To start with, study in university conveyed to me the methods and value of learning. As most people perceive, the curriculum of university teach us more about the means of learning and the meanings of learning rather than the limited knowledge taught in the class. The methods of learning vary from different people and different major, but the basic method concerns self-studying, which provide me with more specialized knowledge than that supplied in class. When I got used to learn by myself, spontaneously, I comprehended the meaning of learning that a student can sense what he or she should learn more and at a deeper level. For another thing, numerous students leave home to live in a remote area where they have never been before for the first time. Therefore, enrolling in the university taught me to lead a much more independent life than ever before. Lots of â€Å"first-time† issues popped up since I embarked on my daily life of study in university including getting up without being called up by parents, studying in library with self-discipline while others were playing computer games, putting up with awful habits and behavior of roommates, falling asleep in clamorous circumstances and so forth, which add to better characters of me. What’s more, during my junior year, my university offered me a good chance to study abroad as an exchange student at Inha university of Korea. The trip is extraordinary indeed that expanded my outlook, trained my communicating skills, and moreover, improved my ability to handle precipitating incidents. Last, but certainly not the least concerns that university education made engaged me in the progressive pursuit of my future career. What distinct me from a technique-deep worker perhaps concerns how i value holistic education. I became sort of conceited for such a period of time in my major, but when I step higher, I see further. Becoming more competent is a gateway to survive in reality, which seems not enough. Conversely, it is the room for my constant professional growth and career advancement that gain me the sense of fulfillment. The deeper I dove into my major, the more ignorant I found myself to be. â€Å"Stay foolish, stay hungry† is what should be borne in mind life-long. To conclude, the university study unraveling the mystery of surviving the professional fields and achieving accomplishments made me all prepared for the further study and work hereafter, far from being an amateur, which absolutely changed my notion, values and life.

Impact of Monetary Policy on Indian Industry

Impact of Monetary Policy on Indian Industry INTRODUCTION Monetary Policy is essentially a Monetary Policy is essentially a programme of action undertaken by the programme of action undertaken by the Monetary Authorities, generally the Monetary Authorities, generally the Central Bank, to control and regulate the Central Bank, to control and regulate the supply of money with the public and the supply of money with the public and the flow of credit with a view to achieving flow of credit with a view to achieving pre-determined macro-economic goals. At the time of inflation monetary policy seeks to contract aggregate spending by seeks to contract aggregate spending by tightening the money supply or raising tightening the money supply or raising the rate of return. OBJECTIVES To achieve price stability by controlling inflation and deflation. To promote and encourage economic growth in the economy. To ensure the economic stability at full employment or potential level of output. SCOPE OF MONETARY POLICY The scope of monetary policy depends on two factors: 1. Level of Monetization of the Economy In this all economic transactions are carried out In this all economic transactions are carried out with money as a medium of exchange. This is with money as a medium of exchange. This is done by changing the supply of and demands for done by changing the supply of and demand for money and the general price level. It is capable money and the general price level. It is capable of affecting all economics activities such as of affecting all economics activities such as Production, Consumption, Savings, Investment Production, Consumption, Savings, and Investment etc. 2. Level of Development of the Capital Market Some instruments of Monetary Policy are work through capital market such as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) etc. When capital market is fairly developed then the Monetary Policy effects the developed economies. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS The open market operations is sale and purchase of government securities and Treasury Bills by the central bank of the country. When the central bank decides to pump money into circulation, it buys back the government securities, bills and bonds. When it decides to reduce money in circulation it sells the government bonds and securities. The central bank carries out its open market operations through the commercial banks. DISCOUNT RATE OR BANK RATE POLICY Discount rate or bank rate is the rate at which central bank rediscounts the bills of exchange presented by the commercial bank. The central bank can change this rate increase or decrease depending on whether it wants to expand or reduce the flow of credit from the commercial bank. WORKING OF THE DISCOUNT RATE POLICY A rise in the discount rate reduces the net worth of the government bonds against which commercial banks borrow funds from the central bank. This reduces commercial banks to borrow from the central bank. When the central bank raises its discount rate, commercial banks raise their discount rate too. Rise in the discount rate raises the cost of bank credit which discourages business firms to get their bill of exchange discounted. CASH RATE RATIO The cash reserve ratio is the percentage of total deposits which commercial banks are required to maintain in the form of cash reserve with the central bank. The objective of cash reserve is to prevent shortage of cash for meeting the cash demand by the depositors. By changing the CRR, the central bank can change the money supply overnight. When economic conditions demand a contractionary monetary policy, the central bank raises the CRR. And when economic conditions demand monetary expansion, the central bank cuts down the CRR. STATUTORY LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENT In India, the RBI has imposed another reserve requirement in addition to CRR. It is called statutory liquidity requirement. The SLR is the proportion of the total deposits which commercial banks are statutorily required to maintain in the form of liquid assets in addition to cash reserve ratio. CREDIT RATIONING When there is a shortage of institutional credit available for the business sector, the large and financially strong sectors or industries tend to capture the lions share in the total institutional credit. As a result the priority sectors and essential are of necessary funds. Below two measures are generally adopted: Imposition of upper limits on the credit available to large industries and firms. Charging a higher or progressive interest rate on the bank loans beyond a certain limit. CHANGE IN LENDING MARGINS The banks provide loans only up to certain percentage of the value of the mortgaged property. The gap between the value of the mortgaged property and amount advanced is called Lending Margin. The central bank is empowered to increase the lending margin with a view to decrease the bank credit. MORAL SUASION The moral suasion is a method of persuading and convincing the commercial banks to advance credit in overall economic interest of the country. Under this method the central bank writes letter to hold meetings with the banks on money credit matters. EXPANSIONARY POLICY / CONTRACTIONARY POLICY An Expansionary Policy increases the total supply of money in the economy while a Contractionary Policy decreases the total money Supply into the market. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat a recession by lowering interests rates. Lowered interest rates means lower cost of credit which induces people to borrow and spend thereby providing steam to various industries and kick start a slowing economy. A Contractionary Policy results in increasing interest rates to combat inflation. An Economy growing in an uninhibited manner leads to inflation. Hence increasing interest rates increase the cost of credit thereby making people borrow less. Due to lesser borrowing the amount of money in the system reduces which in turn brings down the inflation. A Contractionary Policy is also known as TIGHT POLICY as it tightens the flow of money in order to contain Inflationary forces. INCREASE OR DECREASE THE LENDING RATES The RBI makes an adjustment in its lending rate (Repo Rates) in order to influence the cost of credit. Thereby discouraging borrowing and hence reduces brings reduction in the system. RBI BANK Flow of Money Leading to reduced liquidity By increasing interest rates Whenever the liquid in the system increases, the RBI intervenes to stabilize the system. The Central Bank does this by issuing fresh bonds and treasury bills in open market. This tool was extensively used at the time when dollar inflows into our economy were very high resulting in rupee appreciating. In order to stabilize the exchange rates, RBI first bought additional dollars thereby stabilizing the rate exchange. RBI Freshly issued Bonds/ T- Bill Open market Open market CRR By increasing the CRR, the RBI decreases the lending capacity of the bank to the extent of the increase in the ratio increase in the ratio. E.g. of the CRR is increased from 7.5% to 8.5% the banks were deprived of lending to the extent of 75 basis points of their deposit value. MONETARY POLICY OF INDIA OVERVIEW Historically, the Monetary Policy is announced twice a year April-September and (October-March). The Monetary Policy has become dynamic in nature as RBI reserves its right to alter it from time to time, depending on the state of the economy. The Monetary policy determines the supply of money in the economy and the rate of interest charged by banks. The policy also contains an economic overview and provides future forecasts. The Reserve Bank of India is responsible for formulating and implementing Monetary Policy. The Monetary Policy aims to maintain price stability, full employment and economic growth. Emphasis on these objectives have been changing time to time depending on prevailing circumstances. For explanation of monetary policy, the whole period has been divided into 4 sub periods: Monetary policy of controlled expansion (1951 to 1972)1972) Monetary Policy during Pre Reform period (1972 to 1991)to 1991) Monetary Policy in the Post-Reforms (1991 to 1996)1996) Easing of Monetary policy since Nov 1996 MONETARY POLICY OF INDIA Monetary policy of controlled expansion (1951 to 1972) To regulate the expansion of money supply and bank credit to promote growth. To restrict the excessive supply of credit to the private sector so as to control inflationary pressures. Following steps were taken: Changes in Bank Rate from 3% in 1951 to 6% in 1965 and it remained the same till 1971. Changes in SLR from 20% in 1956 to 28% in 1971 Select Credit Control: In order to reduce the credit or bank loans against essential commodities, margin was increased. As a result of the above changes, the supply of money increased from 3.4% (1951 to 1956) to 9.1 (1961 to 1965). Monetary Policy during Pre Reform period (1972 to 1991) Also known as the Tight Monetary policy: Price situation worsened during 1972 to 1974. Following Monetary Policy was adopted in 70s and 80s which were mainly concerned with the task neutralizing the impact of fiscal deficit and inflationary pressure. Changes in CRR to the legally maximum limit of 25% Changes in SLR also to the maximum limit to 38.5% Monetary Policy in the Post-Reforms 1991 to 1996 The year 1991-1992 saw a fundamental change in the institutional framework in setting the objective of monetary policy. It had twin objectives which were Price stability and economic growth. Following instruments were used: Continuing the same maximum CRR and SLR of 25% and 38.5%, mopped up bank deposits to the extent of 63.5%. In order to ensure profitability of banks, Monetary Reforms Committee headed by late Prof. S Chakravarty, Reforms Committee headed by late Prof. S Chakravarty, recommended raising of interest rate on Government recommended raising of interest rate on Government Securities which activated Open Market Operations (OMO). Bank rate was raised from 10% in Apr 1991 to 12% in Oct 1991 to control the inflationary pressures. Easing of Monetary policy since Nov 1996 In 1996-97, the rate of inflation sharply declined. In the later half 1996-97, industrial recession ripped the Indian economy. To encourage the economic growth and to tackle the recessionary trend, the RBI growth and to tackle the recessionary trend, the RBI eased its monetary policy. Introduction of Repo rate- Repo rate increased from 3% in 1998 to 6.5% in 2005. This instrument was 3% in 1998 to 6.5% in 2005. This instrument was consistently used in the monitory policy as a result of rapid industrial growth during 2005-06. In the current monetary policy, the Repo rate was cut from current monetary policy, the Repo rate was cut from 5.00% to 4.75%. Reverse Repo rate Through RRR, the RBI mops up liquidity from the banking system. In the current monetary policy, the Repo rate was cut from 3.50% to 3.25%. Flow of credit to Agriculture The flow of credit to agriculture has increased from 34,013 (9.2% of overall credit) in 2009 (Rs. in crore). Reduction in Cash Reserve Ratio The CRR which was at 15% until 1995 gradually reduced to 5% in 2005. The CRR remained unchanged in the current monetary policy. Lowering Bank rate The Bank rate was gradually reduced from 12% in 1997 to 6% in 2003. Since then the Bank Rate from 12% in 1997 to 6% in 2003. Since then the Bank Rate has remained unchanged to 6%. Review of 2009/10 Monetary policy The Policy Review projects GDP growth at 6% this FY due to slackening private consumption and investment demand. The RBI set its inflation projection for March 10 at 4% (currently at -1.21%). The RBI also projects the CPI to come down into the single digit zone. Assurance of a non-disruptive borrowing in 2009-10. Recently, the Government increased the borrowing plan from Rs. 2.41 lakh crore to 2.99 Lakh crore because of ample liquidity in the market due to slow credit growth. The fiscal stimulus packages of the Government and monetary easing and regulatory action of the Reserve Bank have helped to arrest the moderation in growth and keep our financial markets functioning normally. RBIs Indicative Projections 2009-2010 (Actual Numbers) 2010-2011 (April 2010 policy targets) GDP 7.2 8 (with an upward bias) Inflation (Based on WPI for March end) 9.9 5.5 Money Supply (March end) 17.3 17 Credit (March end) 17 20 Deposit (March end) 17.1 18 GROWTH RBIs revised growth rate is 8% with an upward bias as the indian economy is on recovery path. Growth in industrial sector and service sector are expected to continue. The export and import sector has also registered a strong growth. INFLATION Inflation is projected to be at 5.5% for FY 2010-11. As per RBI inflation is no longer driven by supply side factors alone. Overall demand pressures on inflation are also beginning to show signs, pushing RBI to increase rates even before the official policy of 2010. MONETARY MEASURES The Bank rate has been retained at 6 %. The repo rate is now 5.25% which has 5% in 2009-2010. The reverse repo has increased from 3.5% to 3.75%. The cash reserve ratio of scheduled bank has increased from 5.75% to 6%. The expected outcomes of the actions are: Inflation will be contained and inflationary expectations will be anchored. The recovery process will be sustained. Government borrowing requirements and the private credit demand will be met. Policy instruments will be further aligned in a manner consistent with the evolving state of the economy. IMPACT OF THE OUTCOMES Growth with stability The average growth rate of the Indian economy over a period of 25 years since 1980-81 has been impressive at about 6.0 per cent, which is a significant improvement over the previous three decades, when the annual growth rate was only 3.5 per cent. Over the last four years during 2003-07, the Indian economy has entered a high growth phase, averaging 8.6 per cent per annum. The acceleration of growth during this period has been accompanied by a moderation in volatility, especially in industry and services sectors. An important characteristic of the high growth phase of over a quarter of century is resilience to shocks and considerable degree of stability. We did witness one serious balance of payments crisis triggered largely by the Gulf war in the early 1990s. Credible macroeconomic, structural and stabilization programme was undertaken in the wake of the crisis. The Indian economy in later years could successfully avoid any adverse contagion impact of shocks from the East Asian crisis, the Russian crisis during 1997-98, sanction like situation in post-Pokhran scenario, and border conflict during May-June 1999. Seen in this context, this robust macroeconomic performance, in the face of recent oil as well as food price shocks, demonstrates the vibrancy and resilience of the Indian economy. The Reserve Bank projects a real GDP growth at around 8.5 per cent during 2007-08, barring domestic and external shocks. Poverty and unemployment The sustained economic growth since the early 1990s has also been associated with noticeable reduction in poverty. The proportion of people living below the poverty line (based on uniform recall period) declined from 36 per cent in 1993-94 to 27.8 per cent in 2004-05. There is also some evidence of pick-up in employment growth from 1.57 per cent per annum (1993-94 to 1999-2000) to 2.48 per cent (1999-2000 to 2004-05). Consumption and investment demand Indias growth in recent years has been mainly driven by domestic consumption, contributing on an average to almost two-thirds of the overall demand, while investment and export demand are also accelerating. Almost one-half of the incremental growth in real GDP during 2006-07 was on account of final consumption demand, while around 42 per cent was on account of the rise in real gross fixed capital formation. The investment boom has come from the creation of fixed assets and this phenomenon has been most pronounced in the private corporate sector, although fixed investment in the public sector also picked up in this period. According to an estimate by the Prime Ministers Economic Advisory Council, the investment rate (provisional) crossed 35 per cent in 2006-07 from 33.8 per cent in 2005-06. A reasonable degree of price stability High growth in the last four years has been accompanied by a moderation of inflation. The headline inflation rate, in terms of the wholesale price index, has declined from an average of 11.0 per cent during 1990-95 to 5.3 per cent during 1995-2000 and to 4.9 per cent during 2003-07. The trending down of inflation has been associated with a significant reduction in inflation volatility which is indicative of well-anchored inflation expectations, despite the shocks of varied nature. Although, inflation based on the wholesale price index (WPI) initially rose to above 6.0 per cent in early April 2007 it eased to 3.79 per cent by August 25, 2007. Pre-emptive monetary measures since mid-2004, accompanied by fiscal and supply-side measures, have helped in containing inflation in India. The policy preference for the period ahead is strongly in favour of price stability and well-anchored inflation expectations with the endeavour being to contain inflation close to 5.0 per cent in 2007-08 and in the range of 4.0-4.5 per cent over the medium-term. Monetary policy in India would continue to be vigilant and pro-active in the context of any accentuation of global uncertainties that pose threats to growth and stability in the domestic economy. Improved fiscal performance Yet another positive outcome of developments in recent years is the marked improvement in the health of Government finances. The fiscal management in the country has significantly improved consistent with targeted reduction in fiscal deficit indicators after the adoption of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 by the Central Government. The finances of the State Governments have also exhibited significant improvement since 2003-04 guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Legislations (FRLs). With gross fiscal deficit of the Central Government budgeted at 3.3 per cent of GDP in 2007-08, the FRBM target of 3.0 per cent by 2008-09 appears feasible. The revenue deficit is budgeted at 1.5 per cent of GDP for 2007-08; the FRBM path envisages elimination of revenue deficit in 2008-09. External sector Indias linkages with the global economy are getting stronger, underpinned by the growing openness of the economy and the two way movement in financial flows. Merchandise exports have been growing at an average rate of around 25 per cent during the last four years, with a steady increase in global market share, reflecting the competitiveness of the Indian industry. Structural shifts in services exports, led by software and other business services, and remittances have imparted stability and strength to Indias balance of payments. The net invisible surplus has offset a significant part of the expanding trade deficit and helped to contain the current account deficit to an average of one per cent of GDP since the early 1990s. Gross current receipts (merchandise exports and invisible receipts) and gross current payments (merchandise imports and invisible payments) taken together, at present, constitute more than one half of GDP, highlighting the significant degree of integration of the In dian economy with the global economy. Greater integration into the global economy has enabled the Indian corporates to access high-quality imports from abroad and also to expand their overseas assets, dynamically. The liberalised external payments regime is facilitating the process of acquisition of foreign companies by Indian corporates, both in the manufacturing and services sectors, with the objectives of reaping economies of scale and capturing offshore markets to better face the global competition. Notwithstanding higher outflows, there has been a significant increase in capital inflows (net) to almost five per cent of GDP in 2006-07 from an average of two per cent of GDP during 2000-01 to 2002-03. Capital inflows (net) have remained substantially above the current account deficit and have implications for the conduct of monetary policy and macroeconomic and financial stability. With the significant strengthening of the current and capital accounts, the foreign exchange reserves have more than doubled from US$ 76 billion at the end of March 2003 to US $ 228.8 billion as on August 31, 2007. Financial stability The Indian record on financial stability is noteworthy as the decade of the 1990s has been otherwise turbulent for the financial sector in many EMEs. The approach towards the financial sector in India has been to consistently upgrade it by adapting the international best practices through a consultative process. The Reserve Bank has endeavoured to establish an enabling regulatory framework with prompt and effective supervision, and development of legal, technological and institutional infrastructure. The regulatory norms with respect to capital adequacy, income recognition, asset classification and provisioning have progressively moved towards convergence with the international best practices. The Basel II capital adequacy framework is being implemented in a phased manner with effect from March 2008. We have observed that the Indian banks balance sheets have strengthened considerably, financial markets have deepened and widened and, with the introduction of the real time gross settlements (RTGS) system, the payment system has also become robust. Currently, all scheduled commercial banks are compliant with the minimum capital adequacy ratio (CRAR) of 9 per cent. The overall CRAR for all scheduled commercial banks stood at 12.4 per cent at end-March 2006. The gross non-performing assets of scheduled commercial banks has declined from 8.8 per cent of advances at end March 2003 to 3.3 per cent at end March 2006, while the net non-performing assets have declined from 4.0 per cent to 1.2 per cent during the same period. Financial markets Development of financial markets received a strong impetus from financial sector reforms since the early 1990s. The Reserve Bank has been engaged in developing, widening and deepening of money, government securities and foreign exchange markets combined with a robust payments and settlement system. A wide range of regulatory and institutional reforms were introduced in a planned manner over a period to improve the efficiency of these financial markets. These included development of market micro structure, removal of structural bottlenecks, introduction/ diversification of new players/instruments, free pricing of financial assets, relaxation of quantitative restrictions, better regulatory systems, introduction of new technology, improvement in trading infrastructure, clearing and settlement practices and greater transparency. Prudential norms were introduced early in the reform phase, followed by interest rate deregulation. These policies were supplemented by strengthening of institut ions, encouraging good market practices, rationalised tax structures and enabling legislative and accounting framework. A review of monetary policy challenges The conduct of monetary policy has become more challenging in recent years for a variety of reasons. Many of the challenges the central banks are facing are almost similar which could be summarized as follows: Challenges with globalisation First, globalisation has brought in its train considerable fuzziness in reading underlying macroeconomic and financial developments, obscuring signals from financial prices and clouding the monetary authoritys gauge of the performance of the real economy. The growing importance of assets and asset prices in a globally integrated economy complicates the conduct of monetary policy when it is focused on and equipped to address price stability issues. Second, with the growing integration of financial markets domestically and internationally, there is greater activism in liquidity management with a special focus on the short-end of the market spectrum. There is also a greater sophistication in the conduct of monetary policy and central banks are consistently engaged in refining their technical and managerial skills to deal with the complexities of financial markets. As liquidity management acquires overriding importance, the evolving solvency conditions of financial intermediaries may, on occasions, get obscured in the short run. No doubt, with increasing globalization, there is greater coordination between central banks, fiscal authorities and regulatory bodies governing financial markets. Third, there is considerable difficulty faced by monetary authorities across the world in detecting and measuring inflation, especially inflation expectations. Recent experience in regard to impact of increases in oil prices, and more recently elevated food prices shows that ignoring the structural or permanent elements of what is traditionally treated as shocks may slow down appropriate monetary policy response especially if the focus is on core inflation. Accounting for house rents/prices in inflation measurement has also gained attention in some countries. The central banks are often concerned with the stability/variability of inflation rather than the level of prices. Inflation processes have become highly unclear and central banks are faced with the need to recognise the importance of inflation perceptions and inflation expectations, as distinct from inflation indicators. In this context, credible communication and creative engagement with the market and economic agents have eme rged as a critical channel of monetary transmission. Challenges for emerging market economies It is essential to recognize that the international financial markets have differing ways of judging macroeconomic developments in industrial and emerging market economies. Hence, the challenges and policy responses do differ. First, the EMEs are facing the dilemma of grappling with the inherently volatile increasing capital flows relative to domestic absorptive capacity. Consequently, often the impossible trinity of fixed or managed exchange rates, open capital accounts and discretion in monetary policy has to be managed in what could be termed as fuzzy manner rather than satisfactorily resolved a problem that gets exacerbated due to huge uncertainties in global financial markets and possible consequences in the real sector. Second, in the emerging scenario of large and uncertain capital flows, the choice of the instruments for sterilization and other policy responses have been constrained by a number of factors such as the openness of the economy, the depth of the domestic bond market, the health of the financial sector, the health of the public finances, the countrys inflationary track record and the perception about the credibility and consistency in macroeconomic policies pursued by the country. Further deepening of financial markets may help in absorption of large capital inflows in the medium term, but it may not give immediate succour at the current stage of financial sector development in many EMEs, particularly when speed and magnitude of flows are very high. Some of the EMEs are also subject to adverse current account shocks in view of elevated commodity prices. Going forward, global uncertainties in financial markets are likely to dominate the concerns of all monetary authorities, but, for the EMEs, the consequences of such macro or financial disturbances could be more serious. Third, the banking sector has been strengthened and non-banking intermediation expanded providing both stability and efficiency to the financial sector in many EMEs. Yet, sometimes, aligning the operations of large financial conglomerates and foreign institutions with local public policy priorities remains a challenge for domestic financial regulators in many EMEs. Further, reaping full benefits of competition in financial sector is somewhat limited in many EMEs. Large players in developed economies compete with each other intensely, while it is possible that a few of them dominate in each of the EMEs financial markets. A few of the financial intermediaries could thus wield dominant position in the financial markets of these countries, increasing the concentration risk. While it is extremely difficult to envision how the current disturbances in financial markets will resolve, the focus of many EMEs will be on considering various scenarios and being in readiness with appropriate policy strategies and contingency plans. Among the factors that are carefully monitored, currency markets, liquidity conditions, globally dominant financial intermediaries, impact on real sector through credit channel and asset prices are significant, but the list is certainly not exhaustive. Monetary policy framework in India Objectives The basic objectives of monetary policy, namely price stability and ensuring credit flow to support growth, have remained unchanged in India, but the underlying operating framework for monetary policy has undergone a significant transformation during the past two decades. The relative emphasis placed on price stability and economic growth is modulated according to the circumstances prevailing at a particular point in time and is clearly spelt out, from time to time, in the policy statements of the Reserve Bank. Of late, considerations of macroeconomic and financial stability have assumed an added importance in view of increasing openness of the Indian economy. Framework In India, the broad money (M3) emerged as the nominal anchor from the mid-1980s based on the premise of a stable relationship between money, output and prices. In the late 1990s, in view of ongoing financial openness and increasing evidence of changes in underlying transmission mechanism with interest rates and exchange rates gaining in importance vis-Ã  -vis quantity variables, it was felt that monetary policy exclusively based on the demand function for money could lack precision. The Reserve Bank, therefore, formally adopted a multiple indicator approach in April 1998 where